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...s, drug is merely an artificial definition that distinguishes whether that molecule is synthesized within an organism or outside an organism. For instance, [[i

...net charge). Chemists use their view of [[matter]] at the [[atom]]ic to [[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they ...s involve rearrangement of [[electrons]] around the reacting atoms of each molecule.

Chemistry deals with the properties of the water molecule itself, its interactions with other water molecules, and the way those prop ===The water molecule and its properties===

...ria produces light in a chemical reaction where [[luciferin]], a substrate molecule, is oxidized by an enzyme, [[luciferase]]. As a result, energy in the for ...Quorum sensing occurs through the production and accumulation of a signal molecule, [[N-acyl homoserine lactone]] (AHL); as a consequence individual bacteria

...is very reactive and does not naturally appear in free form. The hydrogen molecule H₂ is a stable [[gas]] at ambient temperature and pressure. ...boiling point of 20.28 K and a melting point of 14.01 K. For the deuterium molecule these temperatures are about 4 K higher: D₂ has boiling point 23

...net charge). Chemists use their view of [[matter]] at the [[atom]]ic to [[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they ...lways involve rearrangement of electrons around the reacting atoms of each molecule.

...ition, and reaction mechanisms of [[macromolecules]]. A macromolecule is a molecule that consists of one or more types of repeated 'building blocks'. The build ...has the same cigar resulting shape and consists of the total of all of the molecule in one chromosome comprised in a very compact way.

...contains about 85,000 molecules of the hormone together with the precursor molecule from which it is derived. <ref>Nordmann JJ, Morris JF (1984) Method for qua

...ition, and reaction mechanisms of [[macromolecules]]. A macromolecule is a molecule that consists of one or more types of repeated 'building blocks'. The build ...has the same cigar resulting shape and consists of the total of all of the molecule in one chromosome comprised in a very compact way.

* Feldman JA. (2006) ''From molecule to metaphor: a neural theory of language.'' Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. IS

...erum RBP4 levels were inversely correlated…. RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and

...ot; instead, they have a cluster of [[photoreceptor]]s backed by a pigment molecule which prevents the light from coming in from the back. The larvae wave the

Here ''N'' is the number of electrons of the molecule under consideration, ''H'' is the usual electronic Hamiltonian, <math>f(1 In order to obtain the MP2 formula for a closed-shell molecule, the second order RS-PT formula is written on basis of doubly-excited Slate

...ef> of ''one'' electron in the electrostatic field of all the nuclei of a molecule. In many-electron molecules the electrostatic field due to the ''positive ...of an MO &phi; is usually delocalized, that is, spread out over the whole molecule, hence the adjective "molecular" in the name. This is in contrast to an [[a

...effect occurs at a state near local thermodynamic equilibrium. When a gas molecule is excited by an infrared quantum, the energy is quickly redistributed acco

...o which they enter into these compounds]. In this paper he coined the word molecule (diminutive of the Latin mole, a mass), for the smallest particle that norm

...no acids and determining how they are combined together within the protein molecule. He then found ways to link amino acids to each other and began synthesizin

...]] (GPIs) include the [[monoclonal antibody]] [[abciximab]] and the small-molecule agents [[tirofiban]] and [[eptifibatid]].

...form a stable covalent bond, producing a more stable chemical substance or molecule. ...electron configuration. This results in the protons'(hydrogen) side of the molecule being slightly more positively charged ∆+, whereas the oxygen side is sli

...ltipole series is in the field of [[intermolecular forces]], and because [[molecule]]s are distributions consisting of discrete charges (electrons and nuclei)

...nd can be measured in simple samples of serum or plasma. It is a cytosolic molecule comprised of subunits that self-assemble into a nanocage capable of contain

.... Such a set of coupled equations, describing the motions of nuclei (in a molecule often nuclear vibrations), arises when the [[Born-Oppenheimer approximation where ''E'' is the ''total'' (electronic plus nuclear motion) energy of the molecule.

...[Reaction (chemistry)|chemical reaction]] wherein [[ion]]s ([[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s that have lost or gained an [[electron]] and thus acquired an electrical ...d the OH^- anions removed from the anion resin combine to form a molecule of water (H₂O or HOH) that has no charge.

...aals forces]] (forces between stable [[molecule]]s), with [[van der Waals molecule]]s (small molecular clusters bound by van der Waals forces), and with [[van

...uence|chemical structure]] of particular [[DNA]] (deoxyribonucleic acid) [[molecule]]s. ...inheritance hold even though they were formulated well before the actual [[molecule|molecules]] involved in heredity were known. Scientists now know that the [

...zymes coded will be available only to the replicator molecule itself. That molecule will uniquely benefit from the enzymes it codes for; giving it a better cha

...agments, often called probes, each designed to bind with a particular mRNA molecule.

...and <math>\Psi_B(N_A+1,N_A+2,\dots,N_A+N_B)</math> is the wave function of molecule ''B''. When ''A'' and ''B'' interact, the Pauli principle requires the anti

...cule (or crystal) and the energy lowering is the ''binding energy'' of the molecule (or crystal). ...rock (kitchen) salt (NaCl). A [[diamond]] crystal can be seen as one huge molecule consisting of bonded C—C (carbon-carbon) pairs.

...net oxidation. Fermentation does not release all the available energy in a molecule; it merely allows [[glycolysis]] (a process that yields two ATP per glucose

...s the direct activation of the apoptotic cascade by an external signalling molecule, called a [[death ligand]], which allow cells to order other cells to under

...s of hydrogen. Dalton, who had assumed earlier that water is formed from a molecule each of oxygen and hydrogen, rejects Avogadro's and Gay-Lussac's laws. ...equation]] (1873) that contains a parameter ''b'', the volume of a single molecule. From ''b'' and the volume of the total gas, an estimate of the number of m

...er supported publisher. By collecting, organizing, and disseminating small molecule information whose creation it has not funded and which duplicates CAS servi

...ecule, in organic chemistry the relative arrangement of the atoms within a molecule has to be added for a full description. One way of describing the molecule is by drawing its [[structural formula]]. Because of the complexity this me

...ndication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s to escape from a liquid or a solid. A substance with a hig ...Thus, the molecules are "held in" the liquid more strongly when a second molecule is present. An example is a mixture of [[trichloromethane]] ([[chloroform]

'''Hydrocarbons''' are a class of [[molecule]]s that contain only [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] atoms. Some of them make

...aking in raw materials, building cell components, converting [[energy]], [[molecule]]s and releasing [[by-product]]s. The functioning of a cell depends upon it ...The membrane is 'semi-permeable', in that it can either let a substance ([[molecule]] or [[ion]]) pass through freely, pass to a limited extent or not pass thr

...sh the spectral peaks arising from the different [[isotopologue]]s, (same molecule, different isotopic composition) in the sample. In these fields it is commo ...or the fact that different isotopes occur in nature. For instance, the HCl molecule has standard atomic weight 1.00794 + 35.453 = 36.461, which is the value us

...-phase, each [[chromosome]] is composed of one coiled DNA [[double helix]] molecule called a [[chromatid]]. After DNA replication, each chromosome has '''two''

...orrecting an error in a DNA molecule of H. voclanii not found in any other molecule. The repair enzyme is in orange and green, and part of the double-helix-sha

...f ammonia, NH₃. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is trivalent in this molecule. Figure A shows the pre-quantum mechanical [[Lewis structure]], which alth ...valence to make penta- and hexavalent compounds. The phosphorus chloride molecule is an example, see Fig. C. When the phosphorus ligands are not identical,

...mical formula CH₃C(=O)CH₃, is a planar, highly polar molecule with a large dipole (<math>\mu</math> = 2.88) and large dielectric constant

...f ammonia, NH₃. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is trivalent in this molecule. Figure A shows the pre-quantum mechanical [[Lewis structure]], which alth ...valence to make penta- and hexavalent compounds. The phosphorus chloride molecule is an example, see Fig. C. When the phosphorus ligands are not identical,

...ndication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s to escape from a liquid or a solid. A substance with a hig ...Thus, the molecules are "held in" the liquid more strongly when a second molecule is present. An example is a mixture of [[trichloromethane]] ([[chloroform]

...high or falsely low readings will occur when [[hemoglobin]] is bound to a molecule other than [[oxygen]]. In cases of [[carbon monoxide]] poisoning, the false

...m has a mass of approximately 1 ''u'', and more generally an [[atom]] or [[molecule]] that contains ''p'' [[proton]]s and ''n'' [[neutron]]s will have a mass a

...P''' describes the polarization (small separation of the charges on each molecule of the dielectric) occurring in a slab of dielectric when it is brought int

...vely on the basis of their size or [[molecular weight]]. The direction the molecule moves depends on its charge while the rate of migration is affected by the ...ress.</ref>. Electrophoresis can also be useful when it doesn’t affect the molecule’s structure or denature the protein <ref name = Harrison /ref>.

[[Molecule]]s, such as O₂, have more degrees of freedom than single atoms: ...K is called [[absolute zero]] and corresponds to the point at which the [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s have the least possible [[thermal energy]]. An important u

...in R. Murphy and Shelley M. Payne|title=RyhB, an Iron-Responsive Small RNA Molecule, Regulates Shigella dysenteriae Virulence|volume=75|issue=7|pages 3470-3477

...y, the creatinine clearance may be calculated. Creatinine is an endogenous molecule, synthesized in the body, which is freely filtered by the glomerulus (but a

...in superfamily and has a crystal structure bound to the human MHC class II molecule HLA-DR1. The EBV gp42 binds to HLA-DR1 using a distinct surface site, whic

...ydroxyls. Instead they soak up protons, and release hydroxyls from water [[molecule]]s. Baking soda is [[sodium bicarbonate]], which already includes one [[pro

...ydroxyls. Instead they soak up protons, and release hydroxyls from water [[molecule]]s. Baking soda is [[sodium bicarbonate]], which already includes one [[pro

...bles the conversion of PrP^C to PrP^Sc by bringing a molecule of each of the two together into a complex.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prion ...ta sheet|&#946; sheet]] content (green arrows) in the prion version of the molecule.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Conversion of alpha-helices into beta-sheets feat

...the molecule, known to be relatively insensitive to the environment of the molecule) are changed by the emission of qi. Does not give the composition of the ta

...rovides for the formation of H₂, the most abundant interstellar molecule. Dust also controls the temperature of the interstellar medium (ISM) by coo

...ology]], '''intermolecular forces''' are forces that act between stable [[molecule]]s or between functional groups of [[macromolecule]]s. Sometimes they are r ...n 1930 by London. This attractive interaction is present for all atom- and molecule-pairs, even for [[noble gas]] atoms. In fact, the dispersion force explains

...g; dynamite which must be quickly moved away from or it will hurt Nukem; a molecule which fully replenishes health; or a key item. There are three key items fo

...ficial media and trying to discover the origin of viruses from precursor [[molecule]]s. Furthermore, its practical reason for existence as a veterinary hospita

...oteins, each dedicated to different tasks needed to replicate a very large molecule in an orderly fashion. ...ex, which functions as a molecular trap to halt further replication of the molecule. With the assistance of topoisomerase IV in E.coli, the two catenanted circ

...et an expression for '''p'''_ind, we consider a single particle (molecule or atom) in a little spherical cavity inside the dielectric. It is shown be

...o influenced by the motion of the nucleus and the rotational motion of the molecule within which the observed nucleus resides. Therefore, NMR spectroscopy prov ...t information regarding interactions between nuclear spins within the same molecule and/or

...rd University Press ISBN 0-19-854768-4</ref> In enzymatic reactions, the [[molecule]]s at the beginning of the process are called [[Substrate (biochemistry)|su

...brium with its liquid or solid phase. It is a measure of the tendency of [[molecule]]s and [[atom]]s to escape from a liquid or solid. ...or their normal boiling points, or how many carbon atoms they contain per molecule, and others define them in terms of their [[photochemical reactivity]].

...e spectra of atoms and molecules: absorption of light energy by an atom or molecule can only take place if the energy of the incident light corresponds to a ga ...illator]]s). A more complex system even is the [[Hydrogen |H₂]] molecule where only approximations to the solutions can be obtained. Several of the

...re normally sequestered inside cells to the outside. One commonly measured molecule is [[lactate dehydrogenase]] (LDH).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Decker T, Lo

In [[Condensation reaction]]s a small molecule, usually water, is split off when two [[reactant]]s combine in a chemical r

:'''''N''''' is the number of [[ion]]s, [[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s in a [[unit cell]] ...nd each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions. The sodium chloride molecule, as such, has disappeared. This structural arrangement is in conformity wit

...f Medical Terms|natural killer]] responses. The protein binds to the IFN-γ molecule and neutralizes it, rendering one of the first levels of immune system usel ...in the context of the major histocompatibility complex ( MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1D ANTIGEN <ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?mode=&term=N

...17 kJ/g) for proteins and carbohydrates. Since fatty acids are non-polar [[molecule]]s, they can be stored in a relatively anhydrous (water free) environment.

Samples that are typically studied range from single [[atom]]s, [[molecule]]s, molecular clusters, [[protein]]s, nucleic acids, micelles and nanoparti ...ion such as protein folding/unfolding equilibria, chemical exchange rates, molecule diffusion or rotation rates. NMR technology is used in advanced medical ima

...rrangement to initiate rapid polymerization. For instance, two [[actin]] [[molecule]]s bind weakly, but addition of a third stabilizes the complex. This trimer

...ly oxidized to carbon dioxide. Fermentation produces two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose compared to approximately 36 by [[aerobic respiration]].

...e layer]] because the solar radiation is increasingly absorbed by oxygen [[molecule]]s in the stratosphere, leading to the formation of ozone. The ozone layer :; Ionosphere: Solar radiation causes ionization of the [[molecule]]s in a region of the atmosphere that extends from about 50 kilometers up t

|[[Molecule#Empirical_formula|Molecular formula]]||C₆H₆||C<sub>7<

...d on their shape. He also thought that they might join together and form [[molecule]]s. In addition he proposed that atoms moved in a void with nothing between

...mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (i.e., syngas), into hydrocarbon [[Molecule|molecular]] chains of varying lengths. ...rting any available carbon source into hydrocarbon liquids consisting of [[molecule]]s having from 5 to 20 carbon [[atoms]] in accordance with the following eq

...ene</ref> Genes, which are made up of [[DNA]], act as blueprints to make [[molecule]]s called [[protein]]s. Scientists sometimes consider other segments of DN ...iption, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called [[RNA]] (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. The type of RNA that

...tor. Two well-known examples are the vibrations of the atoms in a diatomic molecule about their equilibrium position and the oscillations of atoms or ions of a

...space is an example of the second kind of system. A rigid (non-vibrating) molecule can be seen as a [[rigid rotor]], which moving in field-free space, has a c

...parent [[hydrocarbon]] and by identifying any [[functional group]]s in the molecule that distinguish it from the parent hydrocarbon. The numbering of the pare ...text in the paragraph below this, which also apocryphally referred to this molecule -Waldo [[Image:Iupac-alkane-5.png|Iupac-alkane-5.png]] -->

|DNA Molecule Summary

...a visbreaker [[Thermal cracking|thermally cracks]] large [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s (into smaller molecules} by heating the residual oil from the refinery's

...k into the stroma through a pathway in the enzyme, ATP synthase, a complex molecule in the thylakaloid membrane that utilizes the energy inherent in the proton

...k into the stroma through a pathway in the enzyme, ATP synthase, a complex molecule in the thylakoid membrane that utilizes the energy inherent in the proton c

...entered on a single atom. Molecular orbitals (MOs) are "spread out" over a molecule. Usually this is a consequence of an MO being a linear combination (weighte

...] (see figure, top right). mRNA, a single-stranded [[polymer]], is the key molecule whose sequence of [[nucleotide]]s transports the information encoded in DNA ..., these pathways are all initiated by a larger double-stranded RNA trigger molecule, all involve the same types of specialized ribonuclease enzymes in generati

...otein that connects 2 TNF-binding molecules to the Fc component of an IgG1 molecule and works as a decoy, binding free TNF and stopping it from attaching to a

...e control] ''Oral Diseases'' 15:18-26.</ref> and the only known orexigenic molecule in the blood circulation.<ref name=kirchner2010/> In some respects it can b

...cally reformed]], which re-arranges or re-structures the [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller mo

...[degrees of freedom (physics)|degrees of freedom]] ( <math>f</math> ) of a molecule by:

...[degrees of freedom (physics)|degrees of freedom]] ( <math>f</math> ) of a molecule by:

...n developed to permit the rapid addition of the radioactive isotope to the molecule. For instance a [[palladium]] catalysed [[carbonylation]] reaction in a [[m ...he label late in the synthesis in the form of a very small fragment to the molecule to enable the radioactivity to be localised in a single group. Late additio

...eitschrift für Physik, ''Über das Wasserstoffmolekülion'' [On the hydrogen molecule ion], vol. '''61''', pp. 458&ndash;480 (1930)</ref> ...Molekülen'' (Vibrational structure of electronic transitions in polyatomic molecule), Z. Phys. Chemie '''B21''', 410-446

...NA through copying their genomes by RNA polymerase. The positive sense RNA molecule is translated into proteins acting as viral mRNA. Thus more –ssRNA are pr ...ucture with helical symmetry and 12-18 nm in width. It contains the ssRNA molecule, the phoshphoprotein P, the major nucleoprotein NP and the RNA polymerase L

...tion (genetics)|transcribed]] into a single-stranded [[RNA]] ('''dsRNA''') molecule, the miRNA sequence and its reverse-complement base pair to form a double s ...e of the hairpin in '''pri-miRNA''' to form '''pre-miRNA'''. The pre-miRNA molecule is then actively transported out of the [[cell nucleus | nucleus]] into the

...have chemical structures in which the CO₂-reactive part of the molecule (the amine group) is tethered to an [[ionic]] ([[salt]]-like) structural el

...have chemical structures in which the CO₂-reactive part of the molecule (the amine group) is tethered to an [[ionic]] ([[salt]]-like) structural el

...] (see figure, top right). mRNA, a single-stranded [[polymer]], is the key molecule whose sequence of [[nucleotide]]s transports the information encoded in DNA ..., these pathways are all initiated by a larger double-stranded RNA trigger molecule, all involve the same types of specialized ribonuclease enzymes in generati

...g/mol, or 180.2 mg/mmol, calculated as the sum of the number of atoms per molecule of glucose times the atomic weights of: carbon (C) * 6, hydrogen (H) * 12,

...cally reformed]], which re-arranges or re-structures the [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller mo

...host cells. CyaA is only active when calmodulin, a eukaryotic regulatory molecule, is present. Therefore it is not present in prokaryotes. Pertussis toxin

...|lipids]]) and therefore [[hydrophobic]] (i.e., poorly soluble in [[water (molecule)|water]]). They are needed for the [[posttranslational modification]] of ce

...nal substance in a 15C solution is small, and it is very unlikely that one molecule would be present in a 30C dilution. Thus, homeopathic remedies of a high 'p ...ool; 25 metric tons of a 15C solution water contains, on average, just one molecule of the original substance.

...s ''ionizing'' if its quantum energy is enough to ionize a neutral atom or molecule, typically 2 eV. For electromagnetic radiation, this means the wavelength m ...helix, but high doses can occasionally break both strands of the same DNA molecule. Our cells contain healing mechanisms to correct such breaks.

...ily of methane (CH₄), the shortest and lightest [[hydrocarbon]] molecule. It also contains varying amounts of:

...shielded" values, referring to the shielding by the electrons in the water molecule, and are denoted with a prime: ''&gamma;'_p''.<ref name=Quinn>

...ct is by either blocking or facilitating access of a hormone to a receptor molecule. Additionally, some hormones work on the same effector systems as do'' othe

...or molecule from which oxytocin is derived. The folding of the neurophysin molecule is thought to be important for packaging oxytocin into the neurosecretory v

....html] to CMV. Specifically the abundant molecule phosphoprotein 65 is the molecule targeted by cytoxic T cells in the cellular response.

...or molecule from which oxytocin is derived. The folding of the neurophysin molecule is thought to be important for packaging oxytocin into the neurosecretory v

...s a measure for the size of the charge-distribution (usually an atom or a molecule).

...aals forces]] (forces between stable [[molecules]]), with [[van der Waals molecule]]s (small molecular clusters bound by van der Waals forces), and with [[van

...m]] complexes <ref>Jurisson SS, Lydon JD (1999) Potential technetium small molecule radiopharmaceuticals ''Chem Rev'' '''99''':2205-18 PMID 11749479</ref>, whi

...gas of D-atoms, D₂ molecules will be formed. A D₂ molecule consists of an even number of fermions and hence a gas of D₂ mo

Erythrocytes consist mainly of [[hemoglobin]], a complex [[molecule]] containing [[heme]] groups whose [[iron]] atoms temporarily link to oxyge

Chemical reactions can result in [[molecule]]s attaching to each other to form larger molecules, molecules breaking apa

3.) University at Buffalo (2007, May 9). Molecule That Destroys Bone Also Protects It, New Research Shows. ScienceDaily. Retr

...arbon]] compounds generally having from 3 to 60 [[carbon]] [[atom]]s per [[molecule]], although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range.<

...bond between a glucose molecule and the beta chain of the [[haemoglobin]] molecule. The percentage of normal haemoglobin, which has been glycosylated in this ...an indication of the average glucose levels over the life of a haemoglobin molecule , approximately six weeks. The rate at which glycosylation occurs depends o

...arbon]] compounds generally having from 3 to 60 [[carbon]] [[atom]]s per [[molecule]], although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range.<

...man cell, for example, will find it awfully tricky to tackle a 1.5 cm long molecule of DNA. This DNA wrapping assists in reducing the dimensions of DNA from ce

...ID 3299706 - Realisation that the fat cell is more than just a fat storage molecule</ref> Leptin is a signalling molecule released from adipocyte cells to signal regarding adiposity levels. It is s

...erosmolar solution being injected. i.e. they deliver more iodine atoms per molecule. The more iodine, the more "dense" the x-ray effect.

...from the atmosphere emerged through photosynthetic liberation from a water molecule, among the countless water molecules covering 70% of the Earth´s surface. ...ifferent form of photosynthesis by certain bacteria using a rhodopsin-type molecule, and consider organisms that derive only a part of their energy from light.

...could act as a 'template' for the synthesis of both itself, and a related molecule, [[RNA]]. Crick and others went on to propose that small RNA molecules migh

if of great importance in molecular physics, because a molecule can be seen as a collection of point charges. ...included, in, for instance, the translational or rotational energy of the molecule, where the molecular mass plays a role.

...sts, we discovered that the Molluscum Contagiosum Virus is a non-segmented molecule of single double-stranded linear DNA with 180,000 to 200,000 nucleotides.It

...ique that determines three-dimensional arrangement of [[atom]]s within a [[molecule]].

{{Image|Helicobacter Pylori Urease.png|left|150px|H. pylori urease molecule}}

...s, what "exactly" is DNA? What are the precise physical attributes of this molecule that make its role so centrally imposing in understanding [[life]]? ...codes information. In most organisms, DNA is a [[double-helix]] (or duplex molecule) consisting of two DNA strands coiled around each other, and held together

...energy by the process of [[anaerobic glycolysis]] whereby the [[pyruvate]] molecule is converted to [[lactate]]. In ''P. falciparum'', the main function of the

...enetic code. Along the three feet of the double helix in each complete DNA molecule there exists, in addition to the tens of thousands of protein-coding genes,

...pitopes]] found in the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of the immunoglobulin molecule. Plotz and Oldstone presented evidence that autoimmunity can arise as a res

...nucleocapsid. The genome consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 12000 nucleotides long. The 5’ end is capped with a 7-me

...chemistry is the science of matter (such as [[Atom_(science)|atom]]s and [[molecule]]s) and the chemical substances that they form in the bulk. The structure,

...During these processes, [[solar radiation]] separates neutral [[atom]]s, [[molecule]]s, and chemical compounds into positive and negative particles. This occur

# A geometry of the molecule is chosen (in accordance with the [[Born-Oppenheimer approximation]] the nu

...reforming|Catalytic Reforming]] unit: Converts the desulfurized naphtha [[molecule]]s into higher-octane molecules to produce ''reformate'', which is a compon

* [[oxidation]] occurs; oxygen [[molecule]]s break down larger molecules into [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] vapour

...n formed by the action of the gamma rays can now convert more than one PCB molecule.<ref>Ajit Singh and Walter Kremers, ''Radiation Physics and Chemistry'', 20

The [[carbondioxide]] molecule (CO₂) has<ref>J. V. Sengers and J. M. H. Levelt-Sengers,

...restriction]] by activating [[Sirtuins]] <ref>Howitz, K.T., et al., Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature, 20

...] that it frees up additional electrons as it collides with [[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s of the dielectric media. These ''secondary'' electrons also are accelera

...wo plasmids pXO1 and pXO2. The plasmids are circular, double stranded DNA molecule, and extra chromosomal. The toxin itself is composed of three plasmid enco

...reforming|Catalytic Reforming]] unit: Converts the desulfurized naphtha [[molecule]]s into higher-octane molecules to produce ''reformate'', which is a compon

...Cell, 118(1), 69-82. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2009, from Laboratory of Molecule Biology, National Cancer Institute Web site: http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmld:152

## [[Molecule]]

...immune system and thereby keep itself alive. It does this by releasing a molecule that increases the number of T cells. An increased number of [[T-cells]] r

...hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom, and refer to the unit particle as a [[molecule]]. Chemists express quantities of H₂O with a variety of measures

...toms; for the geometry and energy content of CH₂ (the unstable "molecule" in which two hydrogen atoms are linked to a carbon atom); for the energy r

...om either the amino (tail) or carboxyl (head) terminal-end of the protein molecule. It just so happens that the leech [[exopeptidase]] (arylamidases), possibl

{{Image|lactose.JPG|right|150px|A lactose molecule.}}

...ily of methane (CH₄), the shortest and lightest [[hydrocarbon]] molecule, as well as various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as [[ethane]]

...t a given vector in the body (for instance an oriented chemical bond in a molecule) is lined-up with an external vector (for instance a vector along a coordi

...could act as a 'template' for the synthesis of both itself, and a related molecule, [[RNA]]. Crick and others went on to propose that small RNA molecules migh

The [[carbon dioxide]] molecule (CO₂) has<ref>J. V. Sengers and J. M. H. Levelt-Sengers,

...th zooxanthellae. Once bound, it introduces an extra [[ammonium chloride]] molecule to the zooxanthellae, which is thought to somehow allow the transport of [[

...etabolism]]].</ref> <!--DNA is an enormously long and narrow biological [[molecule]] usually packaged in very compact structures called [[chromosome]]s which ...code|DNA code]] that is organized in the ladder-like structure of the DNA molecule as a series of complementary paired molecules called bases.

...uired for autoindicer-2 (AI-2) production. Autoinducer-2 is a boron-based molecule that is produced by bacteria, such as N. meninigitidis, that controls the s

...he residual oil and initiates cracking of the long chain [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s of the residual oil into hydrocarbon gases, coker naphtha, coker [[gas o

...mist at [[Harvard University]]. Famous for his pioneering work in [[Single Molecule Microscopy]] and [[CARS]] (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy) microsc

...could act as a 'template' for the synthesis of both itself, and a related molecule, [[RNA]]. Crick and others went on to propose that small RNA molecules migh

...on(One ng of DNA template up to 35 kb could be amplified from a target DNA molecule present only once in a sample of 105 cells) with high base pair fidelity. T

| Speed (rms) of air molecule at around room temperature (27 C, 300 K) Quick scale: Air [[molecule]]s at room temperature spin roughly 100 billion times faster than a car eng

...Basically, the process re-arranges or re-structures the [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s in the naphtha feedstocks as well as breaking some of the molecules into

...Basically, the process re-arranges or re-structures the [[hydrocarbon]] [[molecule]]s in the naphtha feedstocks as well as breaking some of the molecules into

...name=Thompson>[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/co/coh.htm Carbon Monoxide - Molecule of the Month], Dr. Mike Thompson, Winchester College, UK.</ref>

...Strauss comments: "As our understanding of DNA has matured, the idea of a molecule that is both the spinner and the spun now seems perfectly apt."</ref>

Altought the CRP molecule itself does not seem to directly cause [[vascular disease]]<ref name="pmid1

...catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle, forming a stable molecule. CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage include those named [[List o

...to calorie intake and has recently been described as an important feedback molecule in the Gut-Brain axis. As well as being a satiety signal, PPY has also been

...its purpose. Early in 2006, Dr. Haser and his team discovered a small RNA molecule (microRNA) to be the reason herpes is able to stay in a dormant state and s

|rowspan=3 |elucidating [[nitric oxide]]'s role as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

...anslated mRNA. After excision of the introns to form a “parent” POMC, this molecule is then cleaved by PC1 and PC2. These act at cleavage sites consisting of p

...s might work, given that many are so dilute that they contain not a single molecule of the active ingredient. Homeopaths reject these arguments and consider th ...diluted to more than 12''C'' is virtually certain to contain not a single molecule of the original substance. However, homeopaths assert that the healing powe

:<math>a</math> is a measure of the strength of attraction between the gas [[molecule]]s

...then further oxidized into vinegar. Since the very portion of the ethanol molecule that makes it an alcohol is the part that is changed into an acid with oxid

:<math>a</math> is a measure of the strength of attraction between the gas [[molecule]]s

...ally RJ (2001) Water clusters: untangling the mysteries of the liquid, one molecule at a time ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 98:10533-40 (Review) PMID 11535820</re

...hormone [[insulin]] to promote the entry into [[cell]]s of the energy-rich molecule, [[glucose]], and two or more of the following abnormalities: high blood pr

...ies, i.e., atoms of different [[chemical elements]], can combine to form [[molecule]]s, such as [[amino acid]]s, in a variety of types depending on the particu

...f transposase work in different ways. Some can bind to any part of the DNA molecule, and the target site can therefore be anywhere, while others bind to specif

...d a [[Catalytic reforming|catalytic reformer]] to reform its hydrocarbon [[molecule]]s into more complex molecules with a higher [[octane rating]] value.

...lausius, in which the [[mean path length]]&mdash;the distance covered by [[molecule]]s beween successive collisions&mdash;played an important role.<ref>R. Clau ...n value of the square of the velocity of molecules as ''the'' speed of the molecule in the gas. Before Maxwell, Clausius never thought of velocity [[distributi

...lausius, in which the [[mean path length]]&mdash;the distance covered by [[molecule]]s beween successive collisions&mdash;played an important role.<ref>Clausiu ...n value of the square of the velocity of molecules as ''the'' speed of the molecule in the gas. Before Maxwell, Clausius never thought of velocity [[distributi

...epicts the steps in a typical catalysis cycle. As depicted, the reactant [[molecule]]s A and B are reacted to yield a desired product P. The catalysis cycle st

A molecule derived from [[glucosamine]] is used by the body to make some of the compon

...heterotrophic]] and digest their food externally, absorbing [[nutrient]] [[molecule]]s into their [[cell (biology)|cell]]s. [[Yeasts]], [[molds]], and [[mushro

**<font face="Gill Sans MT">Prediction of hereditary molecule like a coded periodic crystal &mdash; Watson claims inspiration &mdash; Str

...ed blood cells, and acts as the iron-containing part of the [[hemoglobin]] molecule that binds oxygen. To understand the role of these genes in the host Dr. Hi

...been diluted. Many homeopathic remedies are so highly diluted that not one molecule of the original natural substance remains.(12,21) Remedies are sold in liqu ...questioned whether a remedy with a very tiny amount (perhaps not even one molecule) of active ingredient could have a biological effect, beneficial or otherwi

...interactions involving very small objects, like the [[atom|atomic]] and [[molecule|molecular]] behavior studied in [[chemistry]], [[quantum mechanics]] must b

:* A collection of organic and inorganic parts ([[molecule]]s and [[ions]]; [[cells]], organelles, [[organs]] and organisms) &mdash; '

...t present difficult, for this reason, to characterize this ''pleiotropic'' molecule. Three of these enzymes are involved in collagen hydroxylation, and two in Carnitine is the molecule that allows most fat molecules to be carried ''in'' the [[mitochondria]] wh

...title = An NMR technique for tracing out the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 103 | pages = 2102-2104 | year = 1

...ture cannot be exceeded because, above that temperature, the hydrocarbon [[molecule]]s will ''crack'' (break) into smaller molecules and [[coke]] that is essen

The genome is –RT, not segmented and contains a single circular molecule. It is partially double-stranded DNA that forms a covalently closed circle

The thalassemias are classified according to which chain of the globin molecule is affected: in α thalassemia, the production of α globin is deficient, w

...disintegrates water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject, among other

...s a net result only one [[proton]] is translocated across the membrane per molecule of [[ammonia]] oxidized. [[Nitrite]] [[Redox|reduction]] is much simpler,

...in Perspective Lecture, 2007. ATP-sensitive K+ channels and disease: from molecule to malady.] ''Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab'' 293:E880-E889. PMID 17652156. ...hine might achieve that by incorporating the perturbation (e.g., a foreign molecule) into its organization.</ref>

|+DNA Molecule Summary

...transposase work in different ways. Some can bind to any part of the DNA molecule, and the target site can therefore be anywhere, while others bind to specif

*Wouldn't the computer need the ability to compute water molecule interactions with every other compound/ion in the system? ...explain how atoms engage with one another, and one might say a particular molecule is the result of such factors, which supervene atomic behavior. But the exp

The [[genome]] is not segmented and consists of a single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA, ie. [[dsDNA]]. Sequence has the [[accession

characterisation the full metabolic chemical (that is small molecule) profiles of crops (an approach called '''[[metabolomics]]''').

...ily of methane (CH₄), the shortest and lightest [[hydrocarbon]] molecule. It also contains varying amounts of:

...ily of methane (CH₄), the shortest and lightest [[hydrocarbon]] molecule. It also contains varying amounts of:

'''''From Molecule to Metaphor'''''<br> ...only affect the molecule's energy state, but also affect the shape of the molecule and the particular side groups attached to it. One might say that the 'puls

...identification, depend on a '''probe''' that recognizes and reacts with a molecule, receptor, or other feature of the organism, and a separate '''transducer''

...[[cell]]s comprise a system for converting food energy into a general-use molecule for energizing biochemical reactions. Each component in a biological syste ...molecule dimensions.png|left|148px|Figure 2. Atomic dimensions of a water molecule.}}

quasi-icosahedral capsid, one molecule of linear ssRNA

* [[Frederick Sanger]]: in Chemistry 1958, for structure of the [[insulin]] molecule; and in Chemistry 1980, for [[virus]] nucleotide sequencing.

quasi-icosahedral capsid, one molecule of linear ssRNA

...of [[acetylcholine]] at [[neuromuscular junctions]]. A single dendrotoxin molecule associates reversibly with a potassium channel in order to exert its inhibi ...n of these receptors causes a [[muscular contraction]]. The anatoxin-''a'' molecule is shaped so it fits this receptor, and in this way it mimics the natural [

...pper]], [[silver]], and gold. [[Oxygen]] gas consists of entities (see [[molecule]]) each having two oxygen atoms chemically bonded to each other, hence the

|<center>From Molecule to Metaphor<br> ...only affect the molecule's energy state, but also affect the shape of the molecule and the particular side groups attached to it.

...r. The FCC process [[vaporization|vaporizes]] and breaks the long-chain [[molecule]]s of the high-boiling hydrocarbon liquids into much shorter molecules by c

...London]], who published a study of the [[covalent bond]] of the [[hydrogen molecule]] in 1927. Quantum chemistry was subsequently developed by a large number o

...n</sub>H_2n+2. They generally have from 4 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although some molecules may be present that have less than 5 or more than

...specific bacteria by binding to [[receptor (biochemistry)|surface receptor molecule]]s and entering the cell. Within a short amount of time, sometimes just min

**[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970430.html Milky Way Molecule Map]

...uction aggregate|aggregate]] (generally [[gravel]] and [[sand]]), [[water (molecule)|water]] and admixtures.

...students continue the subdivision all the way to the level of the cell or molecule. In the end, the students understand the "big picture" and a considerable n

...rited together - they are '''linked''', by virtue of being on the same DNA molecule. However, [[sex|sexual]] organisms, in the production of gametes, shuffle l

...bility of the hormone insulin to promote cellular entry of the energy-rich molecule, glucose. Patients with the syndrome may show the following abnormalities:

...ert Szent Gyorgyi]], who received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the molecule, comments in familiar terms the situation:

...a susceptible immune system for an abnormal reaction later in life. On a [[molecule|molecular]] level, this might occur if there is a structural similarity bet

...input. The refrigeration cycle used [[ammonia]], [[butane]], and [[water (molecule)|water]].