R (letter): Difference between revisions
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'''R''' is the | : ''See also [[R (programming language)]]'' | ||
'''R, r''' is a letter of the [[Latin alphabet]]. It is the eighteenth letter of most variants, being placed after [[Q (letter)|Q]] and before [[S (letter)|S]], as is the case for instance in the [[English alphabet]]. Its English name is pronounced [ˈaː] or [ˈaːɹ], like the word ''are'' (with that '''r''' silent in [[British English]] finally or before a consonant: ''ah''). | |||
==Use in English== | ==Use in English== | ||
{{:English_spellings/Catalogs/Masterlist}} | |||
'''r''' is rather weak in most varieties of English. Comparing it with the trilled '''r'''’s of Spanish and Italian, the guttural '''r'''’s of French and German, and the two '''r''' sounds of Portuguese, it most resembles single, medial and final Portuguese '''r''', never double or initial guttural. It is pronounced in the front of the mouth (but not so far as Japanese '''r''': the tongue doesn’t go quite so near the teeth): '''réd, rêal, rîce, wrîte''' ''read'' = '''rîght''' ''correct'', '''side, rún, árrow, írritate, érror, cárry, bárrier, wróng, rāther'''. | |||
{{:English spellings/Accents}} | |||
'''r''' can occur before any consonant (but it is rare before '''j''': '''përjury, màrjoram, Màrjorie'''). In [[British English|British]] and [[Commonwealth English]], it is silent before a consonant, though it significantly affects the pronunciation of the preceding vowel: this is sometimes rather confusingly called "post-vocalic" '''r'''; "pre-consonantal" is perhaps clearer. This pronunciation is known as "non-rhotic", i.e. "without '''r'''": '''hàrd, vërse, fïrm, wörd, bŏrn, bürn, heàrt, hëard, cürl, nŏrth, wörk, bïrd, përson, làrge, wård, áfterwards''', pronounced *hàad, etc. And the '''r''' is silent before a vowel in BrE '''îron''' ''metal'' = '''îon''' ''electron''. | |||
As in AmE | As in AmE, '''r''' before consonants is not silent in General American, Scottish, Irish and many other varieties of English, where, in every non-rhotic example given above, the '''r''' is distinctly heard. | ||
'''r''' is very often doubled in the middle of words, especially after '''á''', '''é''' and '''ú''' and before '''ôw''' and '''y''', giving the short sound of the preceding vowel: '''árrow, márrow, búrrow, fúrrow, Térry, Dérry, cúrry, sórry, mérry, márry, hárry, húrry'''. | '''r''' is very often doubled in the middle of words, especially after '''á''', '''é''' and '''ú''' and before '''ôw''' and '''y''', giving the short sound of the preceding vowel: '''árrow, márrow, búrrow, fúrrow, Térry, Dérry, cúrry, sórry, mérry, márry, hárry, húrry'''. | ||
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And before -'''ed''' and -'''ing''' added to words ending in '''r''': '''stàrring, bàrred''' (cf. '''bŏred''', from '''bŏre''', which ends in '''e'''). | And before -'''ed''' and -'''ing''' added to words ending in '''r''': '''stàrring, bàrred''' (cf. '''bŏred''', from '''bŏre''', which ends in '''e'''). | ||
But not always: '''véry, árid''', and never after the sound '''ã''': '''fãiry, vãry'''. | But not always: '''véry, árid''', and never after the sound '''ã''': '''fãiry, vãry'''. And in '''táriff''' and '''shériff''', it is the '''f''', not the '''r''', that doubles. | ||
'''rh''', from initial Greek '''r''', occurs at the beginning of some words; the '''h''' is redundant: '''Rhôdes, rhododéndron, rhôdium, rhêsus, rhétoric, rhetórical, rhýthm, rhŷme, rhûbarb, rhápsody, rhêa''' ('''a''' as [[schwa]]: *rìə), '''rheûmatism, rheumátic''', and beware of '''diarrhoêa'''. | |||
''' | '''wr''', too, is, pronounced '''r'''; it too tends to appear at the beginning of words, some very common: '''wrîte''' ''read'' (= '''rîght''' ''correct, side''), '''wróng, wrétch''' ''poor'' (= '''rétch''' ''vomit''), '''wrítten, wréck, wrŷ, awrŷ'''. | ||
''' | The phrases '''rêad and wrîte''' and''' rîght and wróng''' both have '''r'''- followed by '''wr'''-. | ||
rw is rare and accidental: fŏrwards, òtherwise, āfterwards. | '''rw''' is rare and accidental: '''fŏrwards, òtherwise, āfterwards'''. | ||
Initial re- is pronounced ré when part of a long-established word: réverie, recolléct récognise (and in réctify, where ré isn’t actually a prefix) or like an unstressed rí- : recür, revërse, rehëarse, regâle, relŷ, recêive, recoil. | Initial '''re'''- is pronounced '''ré'''- when part of a long-established word: '''réverie, recolléct, récognise''' (and in '''réctify''', where '''ré''' isn’t actually a prefix) or like an unstressed '''rí'''- : '''recür, revërse, rehëarse, regâle, relŷ, recêive, recoil'''. | ||
But re-, when less ‘connected’ to the rest of the word, can be stressed equally with the other tonic syllable, as rê-, in verbs: rêcáp, rêdesîgn, rêdo, rêwrîte, rêplây, and receives sole stress in shorter nouns: rêplay, rêtail, and equal stress in longer nouns: rêpercússion, rêdevélopment. | But '''re'''-, when less ‘connected’ to the rest of the word, can be stressed equally with the other tonic syllable, as '''rê'''-, in verbs: '''rêcáp, rêdesîgn, rêdo, rêwrîte, rêplây''', and receives sole stress in shorter nouns: '''rêplay, rêtail''', and equal stress in longer nouns: '''rêpercússion, rêdevélopment'''. | ||
==Effect on preceding vowels== | ===Effect on preceding vowels=== | ||
'''r''' before a consonant is not pronounced separately in BrE, nor usually in Australasian or Welsh English, but it is audible in most American, Scottish and Irish pronunciations. It has an important effect on preceding vowels: | '''r''' before a consonant is not pronounced separately in BrE, nor usually in Australasian or Welsh English, but it is audible in most American, Scottish and Irish pronunciations. It has an important effect on preceding vowels: | ||
àr: bàr, stàr, stàrt, làrva, càr, margarìne (màrj-) stàrve, Càrl, màrk, vãry, stãre ''look'' (= stãir ''step'') cãring, nefãrious, wãres ''goods'', | '''àr''': '''bàr, stàr, stàrt, làrva, càr, margarìne''' (màrj-), '''stàrve, Càrl, màrk, vãry, stãre''' ''look'' (= '''stãir''' ''step''), '''cãring, nefãrious, wãres''' ''goods'', '''phãraôh, Clãra''' and similarly in: '''ãerial, Ãyrshire''', BrE '''mãyor | ||
ãr, ãir: cãring, bãre ''naked'' = béãr ''animal'', stãir ''step'' = stãre ''look'' wãry, ãir, fãiry | '''ãr, ãir''': '''cãring, bãre''' ''naked'' = '''béãr''' ''animal'', '''stãir''' ''step'' = '''stãre''' ''look'' '''wãry, ãir, fãiry | ||
But there is a completely different effect after w: wårm, wårning, wårble; ẁarrant, Ẁarwick (= ó, as in ẁas, ẁant) | But there is a completely different effect after '''w''': '''wårm, wårning, wårble'''; '''ẁarrant, Ẁarwick''' (= '''ó''', as in '''ẁas, ẁant''', all '''wà''' in American English) | ||
ër: për, përson, dërvish, nërvous, fërn, bërth ''ship'' (= bïrth ''born''), vërve, përson, prefër - but most often unstressed as in bútter | '''ër''': '''për, përson, dërvish, nërvous, fërn, bërth''' ''ship'' (= '''bïrth''' ''born''), '''vërve, përson, prefër''' - but most often unstressed as in '''bútter''' | ||
êar has three sounds: | '''êar''' has three sounds: | ||
1. usually = êer: clêar, hêar, wêary, êar, fêar, nêar, bêard, dêar ''loved, expensive'' | :1. usually = '''êer''': '''clêar, hêar, wêary, êar, fêar, nêar, bêard, dêar''' ''loved, expensive'' | ||
2.= ër: hëard, ëarly, dëarth, ëarth, lëarn, pëarl | :2.= '''ër''': '''hëard, ëarly, dëarth, ëarth, lëarn, pëarl | ||
3.= àr: heàrt, heàrth | :3.= '''àr''': '''heàrt, heàrth | ||
êer = êar (1): stêer, dêer ''animal'', quêer, bêer, shêer ''absolute'' (= shêar ''shears''), vêer, dêer, (sêer is two syllables: *sê-er) | '''êer''' = '''êar''' (1): '''stêer, dêer''' ''animal'', '''quêer, bêer, shêer''' ''absolute'' (= '''shêar''' ''shears''), '''vêer, dêer''', ('''sêer''' is two syllables: *sê-er) | ||
êir: wêir ''water'' = Wêir ''person'' (= wê’re ''we are''), wêird | '''êir''': '''wêir''' ''water'' = '''Wêir''' ''person'' (= '''wê’re''' ''we are''), '''wêird | ||
eùr: eùro, Eùrope, áneurism, neùral | '''eùr''': '''eùro, Eùrope, áneurism, neùral''' (all yù-) | ||
ìêr: cavalìêr, chandelìêr, fìêrce, pìêr, pìêrce = Pìêrce (= Pêarce ''persons'') | '''ìêr''': '''cavalìêr, chandelìêr, fìêrce, pìêr, pìêrce''' = '''Pìêrce''' (= '''Pêarce''' = '''Pêirce''' ''persons'') | ||
ïr = ër: gïrl, bïrth, stïr, fïr, dïrt, flïrt | '''ïr''' = '''ër''': '''gïrl, bïrth, stïr, fïr, dïrt, flïrt | ||
ŏar: ŏar, bŏard, rŏar, sŏar, ''fly'' (= sŏre ''hurt'') | '''ŏar''': '''ŏar, bŏard, rŏar, sŏar''', ''fly'' (= '''sŏre''' ''hurt'') | ||
ŏr: | '''ŏr''': '''ŏr, fŏrt, tŏrch, mŏrning, wŏrn, bŏre doŏr nŏrmal bŏrn''' - but, after '''w''', usually '''ör''': '''wörth, wörd, wörm, wörk, wörse''' (but not in BrE '''wòrry''', AmE '''wörry''') | ||
ür = ïr = ër: bürn, distürb, hürt, spürn, pürse, fürniture, blür | '''ür''' = '''ïr''' = '''ër''': '''bürn, distürb, hürt, spürn, pürse, fürniture, blür | ||
: or as in: '''pûre, allûre, jûry''', AmE '''sûre | |||
: or BrE: '''sůre, assůrance'''; in some varieties of BrE, '''assůre''' sounds just like '''ashŏre | |||
'''ûr''': '''pûre, pûrest, fûry, jûry, rûral, dûring | |||
'''ÿr''': '''mÿrrh, mÿrtle | |||
But unstressed at the end of a word, '''r''', sounded in AmE, silent in BrE, can be preceded by any vowel, and this vowel mostly, apart from in monosyllables, has the schwa sound: '''dóctor, véctor, fürther, bürsar, Qátar, lêmur, fêmur'''. Exceptions to schwa: '''quâsàr, púlsàr'''. | |||
===Spelling pronunciations=== | |||
Traditionally, one of the '''r''''s of '''lîbrary''' and '''Fébruary''' is silent (*lîbry, BrE *Fébyury, AmE *Fébyuãry), though nowadays many people pronounce two '''r''''s because of the spelling. | |||
===Anomalous pronunciation=== | |||
Most English-speakers pronounce the '''''ř''''' in '''''Dvořák''''' as '''zh''', preceded by '''r''' in those varieties of English that pronounce '''r''' before consonants, *Dvǒ(r)zhàk.<ref>The Czech pronunciation, roughly, is the two sounds mixed together simultaneously.</ref> | |||
==Scientific uses== | |||
*''r'': radius | |||
*'''''r''''': position vector | |||
== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
Latest revision as of 07:16, 10 April 2014
- See also R (programming language)
R, r is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the eighteenth letter of most variants, being placed after Q and before S, as is the case for instance in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈaː] or [ˈaːɹ], like the word are (with that r silent in British English finally or before a consonant: ah).
Use in English
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use in English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alphabetical word list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retroalphabetical list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common misspellings |
r is rather weak in most varieties of English. Comparing it with the trilled r’s of Spanish and Italian, the guttural r’s of French and German, and the two r sounds of Portuguese, it most resembles single, medial and final Portuguese r, never double or initial guttural. It is pronounced in the front of the mouth (but not so far as Japanese r: the tongue doesn’t go quite so near the teeth): réd, rêal, rîce, wrîte read = rîght correct, side, rún, árrow, írritate, érror, cárry, bárrier, wróng, rāther.
- The accents show stress and pronunciation (see English spellings): A: sát, mâde, pàrk, cāst (cást/càst), åll, ãir; E: ére, êar, vèin, fërn; I: sít, mîne, skì, bïrd; O: sóng, môde, lòve, wörd, ŏr; OO: moôn, foòt; U: sún, mûse, fùll, pürr; W: neŵ, ẁant; Y: gým, mŷ, keỳ, mÿrrh.
r can occur before any consonant (but it is rare before j: përjury, màrjoram, Màrjorie). In British and Commonwealth English, it is silent before a consonant, though it significantly affects the pronunciation of the preceding vowel: this is sometimes rather confusingly called "post-vocalic" r; "pre-consonantal" is perhaps clearer. This pronunciation is known as "non-rhotic", i.e. "without r": hàrd, vërse, fïrm, wörd, bŏrn, bürn, heàrt, hëard, cürl, nŏrth, wörk, bïrd, përson, làrge, wård, áfterwards, pronounced *hàad, etc. And the r is silent before a vowel in BrE îron metal = îon electron.
As in AmE, r before consonants is not silent in General American, Scottish, Irish and many other varieties of English, where, in every non-rhotic example given above, the r is distinctly heard.
r is very often doubled in the middle of words, especially after á, é and ú and before ôw and y, giving the short sound of the preceding vowel: árrow, márrow, búrrow, fúrrow, Térry, Dérry, cúrry, sórry, mérry, márry, hárry, húrry.
And also in bárrack, bárrier, cárrot, érror, térror, jàrring, bàrring, hárrier, férret.
Sometimes it doubles after other sounds: für + -y = fürry, and wòrry (AmE wörry, effect of w on o).
And before -ed and -ing added to words ending in r: stàrring, bàrred (cf. bŏred, from bŏre, which ends in e).
But not always: véry, árid, and never after the sound ã: fãiry, vãry. And in táriff and shériff, it is the f, not the r, that doubles.
rh, from initial Greek r, occurs at the beginning of some words; the h is redundant: Rhôdes, rhododéndron, rhôdium, rhêsus, rhétoric, rhetórical, rhýthm, rhŷme, rhûbarb, rhápsody, rhêa (a as schwa: *rìə), rheûmatism, rheumátic, and beware of diarrhoêa.
wr, too, is, pronounced r; it too tends to appear at the beginning of words, some very common: wrîte read (= rîght correct, side), wróng, wrétch poor (= rétch vomit), wrítten, wréck, wrŷ, awrŷ.
The phrases rêad and wrîte and rîght and wróng both have r- followed by wr-.
rw is rare and accidental: fŏrwards, òtherwise, āfterwards.
Initial re- is pronounced ré- when part of a long-established word: réverie, recolléct, récognise (and in réctify, where ré isn’t actually a prefix) or like an unstressed rí- : recür, revërse, rehëarse, regâle, relŷ, recêive, recoil.
But re-, when less ‘connected’ to the rest of the word, can be stressed equally with the other tonic syllable, as rê-, in verbs: rêcáp, rêdesîgn, rêdo, rêwrîte, rêplây, and receives sole stress in shorter nouns: rêplay, rêtail, and equal stress in longer nouns: rêpercússion, rêdevélopment.
Effect on preceding vowels
r before a consonant is not pronounced separately in BrE, nor usually in Australasian or Welsh English, but it is audible in most American, Scottish and Irish pronunciations. It has an important effect on preceding vowels:
àr: bàr, stàr, stàrt, làrva, càr, margarìne (màrj-), stàrve, Càrl, màrk, vãry, stãre look (= stãir step), cãring, nefãrious, wãres goods, phãraôh, Clãra and similarly in: ãerial, Ãyrshire, BrE mãyor
ãr, ãir: cãring, bãre naked = béãr animal, stãir step = stãre look wãry, ãir, fãiry
But there is a completely different effect after w: wårm, wårning, wårble; ẁarrant, Ẁarwick (= ó, as in ẁas, ẁant, all wà in American English)
ër: për, përson, dërvish, nërvous, fërn, bërth ship (= bïrth born), vërve, përson, prefër - but most often unstressed as in bútter
êar has three sounds:
- 1. usually = êer: clêar, hêar, wêary, êar, fêar, nêar, bêard, dêar loved, expensive
- 2.= ër: hëard, ëarly, dëarth, ëarth, lëarn, pëarl
- 3.= àr: heàrt, heàrth
êer = êar (1): stêer, dêer animal, quêer, bêer, shêer absolute (= shêar shears), vêer, dêer, (sêer is two syllables: *sê-er)
êir: wêir water = Wêir person (= wê’re we are), wêird
eùr: eùro, Eùrope, áneurism, neùral (all yù-)
ìêr: cavalìêr, chandelìêr, fìêrce, pìêr, pìêrce = Pìêrce (= Pêarce = Pêirce persons)
ïr = ër: gïrl, bïrth, stïr, fïr, dïrt, flïrt
ŏar: ŏar, bŏard, rŏar, sŏar, fly (= sŏre hurt)
ŏr: ŏr, fŏrt, tŏrch, mŏrning, wŏrn, bŏre doŏr nŏrmal bŏrn - but, after w, usually ör: wörth, wörd, wörm, wörk, wörse (but not in BrE wòrry, AmE wörry)
ür = ïr = ër: bürn, distürb, hürt, spürn, pürse, fürniture, blür
- or as in: pûre, allûre, jûry, AmE sûre
- or BrE: sůre, assůrance; in some varieties of BrE, assůre sounds just like ashŏre
ûr: pûre, pûrest, fûry, jûry, rûral, dûring
ÿr: mÿrrh, mÿrtle
But unstressed at the end of a word, r, sounded in AmE, silent in BrE, can be preceded by any vowel, and this vowel mostly, apart from in monosyllables, has the schwa sound: dóctor, véctor, fürther, bürsar, Qátar, lêmur, fêmur. Exceptions to schwa: quâsàr, púlsàr.
Spelling pronunciations
Traditionally, one of the r's of lîbrary and Fébruary is silent (*lîbry, BrE *Fébyury, AmE *Fébyuãry), though nowadays many people pronounce two r's because of the spelling.
Anomalous pronunciation
Most English-speakers pronounce the ř in Dvořák as zh, preceded by r in those varieties of English that pronounce r before consonants, *Dvǒ(r)zhàk.[1]
Scientific uses
- r: radius
- r: position vector
References
- ↑ The Czech pronunciation, roughly, is the two sounds mixed together simultaneously.