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==Subtopics== | ==Subtopics== | ||
===Experiments=== | ===Experiments=== | ||
====Military focus=== | |||
{{r|Nazi freezing experiments}} | {{r|Nazi freezing experiments}} | ||
{{r|Nazi high altitude experiments}} | {{r|Nazi high altitude experiments}} | ||
{{r|Nazi freezing experiments}} August 1942 - May 1943. Conducted primarily for the German air force to investigate treatments for persons who had been severely chilled, using prisoners at the [Dachau Concentration Camp]] camp. The [[Medical Case (NMT) indicted [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Oskar Schroeder]], [[Wolfram Sievers]], and [[Georg August Weltz]]. [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], and [[Georg August Weltz]] were acquitted; [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi malaria experiments}} February 1942 - April 1945. Conducted to test immunization for and treatment of [[malaria]]; experiments were conducted on more than 1000 prisoners at [Dachau Concentration Camp]]. Charged against [[Kurt Blomer]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Paul Rostock]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]]. (Evidence was also presented against Rose, but no judgment was reached.) No judgment was made concerning [[Karl Mrugowsky]]. [[Kurt Blomer]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], and [[Paul Rostock]] were acquitted; [[Wolfram Sievers]] was convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi mustard gas experiments}} September 1939 - April 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to investigate treatment of injuries caused by Lost (mustard) gas; experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen, [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]], and other camps. Charged against [[Kurt Blomer]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Paul Rostock]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]]. [[Kurt Blomer]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], and [[Paul Rostock]] were acquitted; [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi sulfanilamide experiments}} July 1942 - September 1943. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to test the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs as treatments for infected wounds; experiments were conducted at Ravensbrueck. Charged against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Kurt Blomer]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Genzken]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], [[Herta Oberheuser]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Paul Rostock]], and [[Oskar Schroeder]]. Charges against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Kurt Blomer]], and [[Oskar Schroeder]] were withdrawn. No judgment was reached concerning [[Rudolf Brandt]]. [[Karl Genzken]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], and [[Paul Rostock]] were acquitted; [[Karl Brandt]], [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], and [[Herta Oberheuser]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration, and bone transplant experiments}} September 1942 - December 1943. Conducted for benefit of German armed forces, using Polish inmates at the Ravensbrueck camp. Charged against [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Herta Oberheuser]], and [[Paul Rostock]]. Charge against [[Rudolf Brandt]] withdrawn. [[Karl Brandt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], and [[Paul Rostock]] were acquitted; [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], and [[Herta Oberheuser]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi seawater experiments}} July - September 1944. Conducted for the German air force and navy to test methods of making seawater drinkable; experiments were conducted at [Dachau Concentration Camp]]. Charged against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], Beiglboeck, [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Paul Rostock]], Schaefer, [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]]. The charge against [[Karl Mrugowsky]] was withdrawn. [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Paul Rostock]], and Schaefer were acquitted; [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], Beiglboeck, [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi epidemic jaundice experiments}} June 1943 - January 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to investigate causes of and inoculations against epidemic jaundice; experiments were conducted on Polish prisoners at Sachsenhausen and [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]] camps. Charged against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], Rose, [[Paul Rostock]], [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]]. Charges against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], Rose, and [[Wolfram Sievers]] were withdrawn. [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], [[Paul Rostock]], and [[Oskar Schroeder]] were acquitted; [[Karl Brandt]] was convicted. | |||
{{r|Naxi typhus and other vaccine experiments}} December 1941 - February 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to test the effectiveness of vaccines against typhus, smallpox, cholera, and other diseases; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] and [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]]. Charged against [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Genzken]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Waldemar Hoven]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], Rose, [[Paul Rostock]], [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]]. [[Hermann Becker-Freyseng]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Helmut Poppendick]], and [[Paul Rostock]] were acquitted; [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Genzken]], [[Siegfried Handloser]], [[Waldemar Hoven]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], Rose, [[Oskar Schroeder]], and [[Wolfram Sievers]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi poison experiments}} December 1943 and September - October 1944. Conducted to investigate the effect of various poisons, including poison in food and poisoned bullets; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] (food) and Sachsenhausen (bullets). Charged against [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Genzken]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], and [[Helmut Poppendick]]. [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Genzken]], and [[Helmut Poppendick]] were acquitted; [[Karl Mrugowsky]] was convicted. | |||
{{r|Naxi incendiary bomb experiments}} November 1943 - January 1944. Conducted to test pharmaceutical treatments for phosphorus burns; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]], involving the infliction of burns by materials from incendiary bombs. Charged against [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Karl Genzken]], [[Karl Mrugowsky]], and [[Helmut Poppendick]]. All were acquitted. | |||
====Racial-biological orientation==== | |||
{{r|Nazi sterilization experiments}} March 1941 - January 1945. Conducted to develop methods of rapid, large scale sterilization in order to ensure the eventual elimination of "enemy" populations while keeping captive workers as a labor force during the war. Experiments were planned and/or conducted at [Auschwitz Concentration Camp]], Ravensbrueck, and elsewhere employing drugs, x-rays, and surgery. Charged against [[Viktor Brack]], [[Karl Brandt]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], [[Karl Gebhardt]], [[Joachim Mrugowsky]], [[Herta Oberheuser]], Pokorny, and [[Helmut Poppendick]]. The charges against [[Karl Mrugowsky]] and [[Herta Oberheuser]] were withdrawn. [[Karl Brandt]], Pokorny, and [[Helmut Poppendick]] were acquitted; [[Viktor Brack]], [[Rudolf Brandt]], and [[Karl Gebhardt]] were convicted. | |||
{{r|Nazi skeleton collection}} June 1943 - September 1944. Conducted to complete a skeleton collection for an anatomical research project at the Reich University of Strasbourg; one hundred twelve Jews at [Auschwitz Concentration Camp]] were killed for the purpose. Charged against [[Rudolf Brandt]] and [[Wolfram Sievers]]; both were convicted. | |||
===Persons tried in NMT=== | ===Persons tried in NMT=== | ||
Revision as of 17:10, 10 November 2010
- See also changes related to Nazi medical experiments, or pages that link to Nazi medical experiments or to this page or whose text contains "Nazi medical experiments".
Parent topics
- Medical Case (NMT) [r]: As part of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, the trial of Nazi personnel for participating in involuntary medical experiments and the medical support of genocide [e]
- Medical ethics [r]: The study of moral values as they apply to medicine. [e]
- The Holocaust [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Nazi euthanasia programs [r]: Add brief definition or description
Subtopics
Experiments
=Military focus
- Nazi freezing experiments [r]: A program of nonconsensual Nazi medical experiments, conducted primarily for the Luftwaffe, between August 1942 - May 1943, to investigate treatments for persons who had been severely chilled, using prisoners at the Dachau Concentration Camp; the experimenters were tried in the Medical Case (NMT) [e]
- Nazi high altitude experiments [r]: A series of Nazi experiments conducted, against the will of the subjects, on concentration camp prisoners, frequently resulting in death or severe injury. They were intended to learn human responses to the cold and oxygen deprivation of high-altitude flight. [e]
- Nazi freezing experiments [r]: A program of nonconsensual Nazi medical experiments, conducted primarily for the Luftwaffe, between August 1942 - May 1943, to investigate treatments for persons who had been severely chilled, using prisoners at the Dachau Concentration Camp; the experimenters were tried in the Medical Case (NMT) [e] August 1942 - May 1943. Conducted primarily for the German air force to investigate treatments for persons who had been severely chilled, using prisoners at the [Dachau Concentration Camp]] camp. The [[Medical Case (NMT) indicted Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Joachim Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Oskar Schroeder, Wolfram Sievers, and Georg August Weltz. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Karl Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Karl Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, and Georg August Weltz were acquitted; Rudolf Brandt, Siegfried Handloser, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers were convicted.
- Nazi malaria experiments [r]: Nonconsensual Nazi experiments, conducted between February 1942 at April 1945 at [Dachau Concentration Camp]]; purpose was to test immunization for and treatment of malaria; 9 defendants were charged in the Medical Case (NMT) [e] February 1942 - April 1945. Conducted to test immunization for and treatment of malaria; experiments were conducted on more than 1000 prisoners at [Dachau Concentration Camp]]. Charged against Kurt Blomer, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Joachim Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Paul Rostock, and Wolfram Sievers. (Evidence was also presented against Rose, but no judgment was reached.) No judgment was made concerning Karl Mrugowsky. Kurt Blomer, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Helmut Poppendick, and Paul Rostock were acquitted; Wolfram Sievers was convicted.
- Nazi mustard gas experiments [r]: Experiments conducted in Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler, and other Nazi concentration camps (September 1939 - April 1945) on behalf the German armed forces to investigate treatment of injuries caused by mustard gas, called "Lost" by Germany [e] September 1939 - April 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to investigate treatment of injuries caused by Lost (mustard) gas; experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen, [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]], and other camps. Charged against Kurt Blomer, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Paul Rostock, and Wolfram Sievers. Kurt Blomer, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, and Paul Rostock were acquitted; Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, and Wolfram Sievers were convicted.
- Nazi sulfanilamide experiments [r]: A set of Nazi medical experiments in which doctors inflicted and deliberately infected wounds in unwilling prisoners, and then assessed sulfanilamide and other drug treatments for the benefit of the German military [e] July 1942 - September 1943. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to test the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs as treatments for infected wounds; experiments were conducted at Ravensbrueck. Charged against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Kurt Blomer, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Fritz Fischer, Karl Gebhardt, Karl Genzken, Siegfried Handloser, Karl Mrugowsky, Herta Oberheuser, Helmut Poppendick, Paul Rostock, and Oskar Schroeder. Charges against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Kurt Blomer, and Oskar Schroeder were withdrawn. No judgment was reached concerning Rudolf Brandt. Karl Genzken, Helmut Poppendick, and Paul Rostock were acquitted; Karl Brandt, Fritz Fischer, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Karl Mrugowsky, and Herta Oberheuser were convicted.
- Nazi bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration, and bone transplant experiments [r]: Add brief definition or description September 1942 - December 1943. Conducted for benefit of German armed forces, using Polish inmates at the Ravensbrueck camp. Charged against Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Fritz Fischer, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Herta Oberheuser, and Paul Rostock. Charge against Rudolf Brandt withdrawn. Karl Brandt, Siegfried Handloser, and Paul Rostock were acquitted; Fritz Fischer, Karl Gebhardt, and Herta Oberheuser were convicted.
- Nazi seawater experiments [r]: Nonconsensual Nazi medical experiments (July - September 1944), performed for the Luftwaffe and navy to test methods of making seawater drinkable; experiments were conducted at [Dachau Concentration Camp]] [e] July - September 1944. Conducted for the German air force and navy to test methods of making seawater drinkable; experiments were conducted at [Dachau Concentration Camp]]. Charged against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Beiglboeck, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Karl Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Paul Rostock, Schaefer, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers. The charge against Karl Mrugowsky was withdrawn. Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Siegfried Handloser, Helmut Poppendick, Paul Rostock, and Schaefer were acquitted; Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Beiglboeck, Karl Gebhardt, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers were convicted.
- Nazi epidemic jaundice experiments [r]: Conducted between June 1943 and January 1945, for the benefit of the German armed forces to investigate causes of and inoculations against "epidemic jaundice"; nonconsensual experiments were conducted on Polish prisoners at Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler Concentration Camps, to investigate the causes of epidemic jaundice and vaccines against it [e] June 1943 - January 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to investigate causes of and inoculations against epidemic jaundice; experiments were conducted on Polish prisoners at Sachsenhausen and [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]] camps. Charged against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Joachim Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Rose, Paul Rostock, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers. Charges against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Rose, and Wolfram Sievers were withdrawn. Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Siegfried Handloser, Karl Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Paul Rostock, and Oskar Schroeder were acquitted; Karl Brandt was convicted.
- Naxi typhus and other vaccine experiments [r]: Add brief definition or description December 1941 - February 1945. Conducted for the benefit of the German armed forces to test the effectiveness of vaccines against typhus, smallpox, cholera, and other diseases; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] and [Natzweiler Concentration Camp]]. Charged against Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Karl Genzken, Siegfried Handloser, Waldemar Hoven, Joachim Mrugowsky, Helmut Poppendick, Rose, Paul Rostock, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Karl Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Helmut Poppendick, and Paul Rostock were acquitted; Rudolf Brandt, Karl Genzken, Siegfried Handloser, Waldemar Hoven, Karl Mrugowsky, Rose, Oskar Schroeder, and Wolfram Sievers were convicted.
- Nazi poison experiments [r]: Conducted (December 1943-October 1944) at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] (food) and Sachsenhausen (bullets), to investigate the effect of various poisons, including poison in food and poisoned bullets. [e] December 1943 and September - October 1944. Conducted to investigate the effect of various poisons, including poison in food and poisoned bullets; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] (food) and Sachsenhausen (bullets). Charged against Karl Gebhardt, Karl Genzken, Joachim Mrugowsky, and Helmut Poppendick. Karl Gebhardt, Karl Genzken, and Helmut Poppendick were acquitted; Karl Mrugowsky was convicted.
- Naxi incendiary bomb experiments [r]: Add brief definition or description November 1943 - January 1944. Conducted to test pharmaceutical treatments for phosphorus burns; experiments were conducted at [Buchenwald Concentration Camp]], involving the infliction of burns by materials from incendiary bombs. Charged against Karl Gebhardt, Karl Genzken, Karl Mrugowsky, and Helmut Poppendick. All were acquitted.
Racial-biological orientation
- Nazi sterilization experiments [r]: In addition to the surgical methods of the earlier parts of the Nazi sterilization program, these experiments, between March 1941 and January 1945, explored unproven techniques; they were ordered to develop methods of rapid, large scale sterilization [e] March 1941 - January 1945. Conducted to develop methods of rapid, large scale sterilization in order to ensure the eventual elimination of "enemy" populations while keeping captive workers as a labor force during the war. Experiments were planned and/or conducted at [Auschwitz Concentration Camp]], Ravensbrueck, and elsewhere employing drugs, x-rays, and surgery. Charged against Viktor Brack, Karl Brandt, Rudolf Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Joachim Mrugowsky, Herta Oberheuser, Pokorny, and Helmut Poppendick. The charges against Karl Mrugowsky and Herta Oberheuser were withdrawn. Karl Brandt, Pokorny, and Helmut Poppendick were acquitted; Viktor Brack, Rudolf Brandt, and Karl Gebhardt were convicted.
- Nazi skeleton collection [r]: Conducted to complete a skeleton collection for an anatomical research project for Nazi race and biological ideology, under August Hirt at the Reich University of Strasbourg; one hundred twelve Jews at [Auschwitz Concentration Camp]] were killed for the purpose. [e] June 1943 - September 1944. Conducted to complete a skeleton collection for an anatomical research project at the Reich University of Strasbourg; one hundred twelve Jews at [Auschwitz Concentration Camp]] were killed for the purpose. Charged against Rudolf Brandt and Wolfram Sievers; both were convicted.
Persons tried in NMT
- Hermann Becker-Freyseng [r]: Staff physician of the WWII Luftwaffe, Chief of Department for Aviation Medicine of the Chief of Medical Services; charged in the Medical Case (NMT) [e]
- Wilhelm Beiglboeck [r]: Consulting physician to the WWII Luftwaffe and defendant in the Medical Case (NMT) [e]
- Kurt Blome [r]: Nazi Deputy Reich Health Leader; Plenipotentiary for Cancer Research in the Reich Health Council; acquitted of charges in the Medical Case (NMT) [e]
- Karl Brandt [r]: Senior medical officer of Nazi Germany, Gruppenfuhrer in the SS and personal physician to Adolf Hitler; executed for war crimes related to the Holocaust, including involuntary medical experiments and the technical aspects of genocide. [e]
- Rudolf Brandt [r]: Standartenfuhrer (colonel) of the Nazi SS who was personal administrative officer to Heinrich Himmler; executed after conviction for war crimes in the Medical Case of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals [e]
- Fritz Fischer [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Karl Gebhardt [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Karl Genzken [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Waldemar Hoven [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Siegfried Handloser [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Joachim Mrugowsky [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Herta Oberheuser [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Helmut Poppendick [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gerhardt Rose [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Siegfied Ruff [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Hans Wolfgang Romberg [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Konrad Schaefer [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oskar Schroeder [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Wolfram Sievers [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Georg August Weltz [r]: Add brief definition or description
Others implicated
- Philippe Bouhler [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Leonardo Conti [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Erwin Ding-Schuler [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ernst Grawitz [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Josef Mengele [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Sigmund Rascher [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Franz Stangl [r]: Add brief definition or description
Sites of experiments
- Auschwitz Concentration Camp [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Buchenwald Concentration Camp [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Dachau Concentration Camp [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Natweiler Concentration Camp [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ravensbrueck Cocentration Camp [r]: Add brief definition or description