Europe/Addendum

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This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

The states of Europe

state capital official
state
language
European
Union

member
Eurozone
member
Council
of
Europe

member
NATO
member
GDP/head
2009
$ [1]
IMF
category[2]
Albania Tirana Albanian application
submitted
    8,373    E
Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan euro user
without
agreement
   
Armenia
(edge of Europe)
Yerevan Armenian
   E
Austria Vienna German
   38,363    A
Azerbaijan
(edge of Europe)
Baku Azeri
    9,638    E
Belarus Minsk Belarussian    13,039    E
Belgium Brussels Dutch,
French,
German
   36,249    A
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian,
Croatian,
Serbian
potential
candidate
  € peg[3]
    8,491    E
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
  € peg[3]
   13,332    E
Croatia Zagreb Croatian candidate
   19,805    E
Cyprus
(edge of Europe)
Nicosia Greek,
Turkish
   
Czechia Prague Czech
   25,232    A
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
  € peg[3]
   36,762    A
Estonia Tallinn Estonian
  € peg[3]
   19,451    E
Finland Helsinki Finnish,
Swedish
   34,720    A
France Paris French
   33,655    A
Georgia
(edge of Europe)
Tbilisi Georgian
    4,774    E
Germany Berlin German
   36,267    A
Greece Athens Greek
   29,663    A
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
  € peg[3]
   19,764    E
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic candidate
   37,595    A
Ireland Dublin Irish,
English
   41,278    A
Italy Rome Italian
   31,909    A
Kazakhstan
(edge of Europe)
Astana
(in Asia)
Kazakh    11,509    E
Kosovo Priština Albanian,
Serbian
potential
candidate
euro user
without
agreement
        
Latvia Riga Latvian
  € peg[3]
   15,413    E
Liechtenstein Vaduz German
       
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
  € peg[3]
   16,747    E
Luxembourg Luxembourg German/
Luxembourgish,
French
       B
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Skopje Macedonian candidate
   10,823    E
Malta
(edge of Europe)
Valletta Maltese,
English
       A
Moldova Chișinău Romanian
(“Moldovan”)
    2,854    E
Monaco (city-sate) French euro user
by
agreement
       
Montenegro Podgorica Serbian
(“Montenegrin”)
candidate euro user
without
agreement
   13,292    E
Netherlands The Hague,
Amsterdam
Dutch
   40,715    A
Norway Oslo Norwegian
   55,672    A
Poland Warsaw Polish
  € peg[3]
   19,059    E
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
   24,569    A
Romania Bucharest Romanian
   14,199    E
Russia
(edge of Europe)
Moscow Russian
   18,962    E
San Marino City of
San Marino
Italian euro user
by
agreement
   
Serbia Belgrade Serbian application
submitted
   11,719    E
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
   22,356    A
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
   27,004    A
Spain Madrid Spanish
   32,545    A
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
   37,905    A
Switzerland Bern German,
French,
Italian,
Romansh
   45,117    A
Turkey
(edge of Europe)
Ankara Turkish candidate
   13,885    E
Ukraine Kyiv Ukrainian
    6,317    A
United Kingdom London English
   36,496    
Vatican City (city-state,
inside
Rome)
Italian,
Latin
euro user
by
agreement
   

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here.[4] Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) endangered

Indo-European languages

Celtic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh (Cymric) United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

Germanic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark (endangered in Sweden)
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch (Netherlandic) Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German (Low Saxon, Saxon) Germany, Netherlands endangered
German (High German) Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Romance languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish (Castilian) Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan (Lenga d'Òc, Provençal) France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan) France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French (Langue d'Oïl) France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian (Padanian) Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Slavic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian) Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin) Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian (Slavomacedonian) Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Albanian

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

Greek

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Greek (Hellenic) Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status))
vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
Zaza Turkey endangered
Kurdish Turkey endangered
language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Romany (Romani, Gypsy, Gipsy) scattered across Europe endangered

Armenian

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Maltese Malta Malta
Arabic Turkey endangered
Aramaic Turkey endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian (Magyar) Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar (Kazan Tatar) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri (Azerbaijani) Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Mongolian (including Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages of Daghestan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location
official status in:
(R = regional, official status)
vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered

Footnotes

  1. At purchasing power parity rates[1]
  2. A = advanced, E = developing and emerging
  3. Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Non-member with currency pegged to the euro
  4. See, for example, a serious, scientific survey of the languages of Europe in: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.