Europe/Addendum: Difference between revisions

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imported>Nick Gardner
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Revision as of 09:47, 24 December 2010

This article is developing and not approved.
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Addendum [?]
 
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Addendum&printable=yes
This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

The states of Europe

state capital official
state
language 		European
Union
member 		Eurozone
member 		Council
of
Europe
member 		NATO
member 		GDP/head
2009
$ [1] 		IMF
category[2]
Albania Tirana Albanian application
submitted
•
•
     8,373    E
Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan euro user
without
agreement
•
    
Armenia
(edge of Europe) 		Yerevan Armenian
•
    E
Austria Vienna German
•
•
•
    38,363    A
Azerbaijan
(edge of Europe) 		Baku Azeri
•
     9,638    E
Belarus Minsk Belarussian    13,039    E
Belgium Brussels Dutch,
French,
German
•
•
•
•
    36,249    A
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian,
Croatian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate 		  € peg[3]
•
     8,491    E
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    13,332    E
Croatia Zagreb Croatian candidate
•
•
    19,805    E
Cyprus
(edge of Europe) 		Nicosia Greek,
Turkish
•
•
•
    
Czechia Prague Czech
•
•
•
    25,232
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    36,762    A
Estonia Tallinn Estonian
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    19,451    E
Finland Helsinki Finnish,
Swedish
•
•
•
    34,720    A
France Paris French
•
•
•
•
    33,655
Georgia
(edge of Europe) 		Tbilisi Georgian
•
     4,774
Germany Berlin German
•
•
•
•
    36,267
Greece Athens Greek
•
•
•
•
    29,663
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    19,764
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic candidate
•
•
    37,595
Ireland Dublin Irish,
English
•
•
•
    41,278
Italy Rome Italian
•
•
•
•
    31,909
Kazakhstan
(edge of Europe) 		Astana
(in Asia) 		Kazakh    11,509
Kosovo Priština Albanian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate 		euro user
without
agreement 		    
Latvia Riga Latvian
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    15,413
Liechtenstein Vaduz German
•
    
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    16,747
Luxembourg Luxembourg German/
Luxembourgish,
French
•
•
•
•
    
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM) 		Skopje Macedonian candidate
•
    10,823
Malta
(edge of Europe) 		Valletta Maltese,
English
•
•
•
    
Moldova Chișinău Romanian
(“Moldovan”)
•
     2,854
Monaco (city-sate) French euro user
by
agreement
•
    
Montenegro Podgorica Serbian
(“Montenegrin”) 		candidate euro user
without
agreement
•
    13,292
Netherlands The Hague,
Amsterdam 		Dutch
•
•
•
•
    40,715
Norway Oslo Norwegian
•
•
    55,672
Poland Warsaw Polish
•
   € peg[3]
•
•
    19,059
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
•
•
•
•
    24,569
Romania Bucharest Romanian
•
•
•
    14,199
Russia
(edge of Europe) 		Moscow Russian
•
    18,962
San Marino City of
San Marino 		Italian euro user
by
agreement
•
Serbia Belgrade Serbian application
submitted
•
    11,719
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
•
•
•
•
    22,356
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
•
•
•
•
    27,004
Spain Madrid Spanish
•
•
•
•
    32,545
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
•
•
    37,905
Switzerland Bern German,
French,
Italian,
Romansh
•
    45,117
Turkey
(edge of Europe) 		Ankara Turkish candidate
•
•
    13,885
Ukraine Kyiv Ukrainian
•
     6,317
United Kingdom London English
•
•
•
    36,496
Vatican City (city-state,
inside
Rome) 		Italian,
Latin 		euro user
by
agreement

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here.[4] Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) endangered

Indo-European languages

Celtic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh (Cymric) United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

Germanic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark (endangered in Sweden)
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch (Netherlandic) Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German (Low Saxon, Saxon) Germany, Netherlands endangered
German (High German) Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Romance languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish (Castilian) Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan (Lenga d'Òc, Provençal) France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan) France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French (Langue d'Oïl) France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian (Padanian) Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Slavic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian) Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin) Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian (Slavomacedonian) Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Albanian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

Greek

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Greek (Hellenic) Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status)) 		vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
Zaza Turkey endangered
Kurdish Turkey endangered
language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Romany (Romani, Gypsy, Gipsy) scattered across Europe endangered

Armenian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Maltese Malta Malta
Arabic Turkey endangered
Aramaic Turkey endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian (Magyar) Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar (Kazan Tatar) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri (Azerbaijani) Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Mongolian (including Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages of Daghestan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered

Footnotes

  1. ↑ At purchasing power parity rates[1]
  2. ↑ A = advanced, E = developing and emerging
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Non-member with currency pegged to the euro
  4. ↑ See, for example, a serious, scientific survey of the languages of Europe in: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.
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