Europe/Addendum

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Addendum&printable=yes
This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

The states of Europe

state capital official
state
language 		European
Union
member 		Council
of
Europe
member 		NATO
member 		GDP/head
2009
$ [1]
Albania Tirana Albanian application
submitted
•
•
     8,373
Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan
•
Armenia
(edge of Europe) 		Erevan Armenian
•
Austria Vienna German
•
•
    38,363
Azerbaijan
(edge of Europe) 		Baku Azeri
•
     9,638
Belarus Minsk Belarussian    13,039
Belgium Brussels Dutch,
French,
German
•
•
•
    36,249
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian,
Croatian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate
•
     8,491
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
•
•
•
    13,332
Croatia Zagreb Croatian candidate
•
•
    19,805
Cyprus
(edge of Europe) 		Nicosia Greek,
Turkish
•
•
Czechia Prague Czech
•
•
•
    25,232
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
•
•
•
    36,762
Estonia Tallinn Estonian
•
•
•
    19,451
Finland Helsinki Finnish,
Swedish
•
•
    34,720
France Paris French
•
•
•
    33,655
Georgia
(edge of Europe) 		Tbilisi Georgian
•
     4,774
Germany Berlin German
•
•
•
    36,267
Greece Athens Greek
•
•
•
    29,663
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
•
•
•
    19,764
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic candidate
•
•
    37,595
Ireland Dublin Irish,
English
•
•
    41,278
Italy Rome Italian
•
•
•
    31,909
Kazakhstan
(edge of Europe) 		Astana
(in Asia) 		Kazakh    11,509
Kosovo Priština Albanian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate 		    
Latvia Riga Latvian
•
•
•
    15,413
Liechtenstein Vaduz German
•
    
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
•
•
•
    16,747
Luxembourg Luxembourg German/
Luxembourgish,
French
•
•
•
    
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM) 		Skopje Macedonian candidate
•
Malta
(edge of Europe) 		Valletta Maltese,
English
•
•
Moldova Chișinău Romanian
(“Moldovan”)
•
Monaco (city-sate) French
•
Montenegro Podgorica Serbian
(“Montenegrin”) 		candidate
•
Netherlands The Hague,
Amsterdam 		Dutch
•
•
•
Norway Oslo Norwegian
•
•
Poland Warsaw Polish
•
•
•
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
•
•
•
Romania Bucharest Romanian
•
•
•
Russia
(edge of Europe) 		Moscow Russian
•
San Marino City of
San Marino 		Italian
•
Serbia Belgrade Serbian application
submitted
•
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
•
•
•
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
•
•
•
Spain Madrid Spanish
•
•
•
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
•
•
Switzerland Bern German,
French,
Italian,
Romansh
•
Turkey
(edge of Europe) 		Ankara Turkish candidate
•
•
Ukraine Kyiv Ukrainian
•
United Kingdom London English
•
•
•
Vatican City (city-state,
inside
Rome) 		Italian,
Latin
  1. ↑ At purchasing power parity rates[1]

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here.[1] Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) endangered

Indo-European languages

Celtic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

Germanic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark (endangered in Sweden)
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German Germany, Netherlands endangered
German Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Romance languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan) France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Slavic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian) Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin) Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Albanian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

Greek

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Greek Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status)) 		vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
Zaza Turkey endangered
Kurdish Turkey endangered
language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Romany scattered across Europe endangered

Armenian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Maltese Malta Malta
Arabic Turkey endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Mongolian (Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages in Russia (Daghestan) and Azerbaijan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered

Footnotes

  1. ↑ See, for example, a serious, scientific survey of the languages of Europe in: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.
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