Supreme Court of the United States: Difference between revisions
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imported>Michel van der Hoek (→Supreme Court Justices: Added dates, fixed errors and omissions) |
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==Supreme Court Justices== | ==Supreme Court Justices== | ||
Beginning dates reflect confirmation rather than the date of the oath of office. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 51: | Line 53: | ||
|[[John Jay]] (1789-1795)<br /> | |[[John Jay]] (1789-1795)<br /> | ||
[[John Rutledge]] (1795-1795)<br /> | [[John Rutledge]] (1795-1795)<br /> | ||
[[Oliver Ellsworth]] (1796- | [[Oliver Ellsworth]] (1796-1800) | ||
|[[John Rutledge]] (1789-1791)<br /> | |[[John Rutledge]] (1789-1791)<br /> | ||
William Cushing (1789-1810)<br /> | William Cushing (1789-1810)<br /> | ||
James Wilson (1789-1798)<br /> | James Wilson (1789-1798)<br /> | ||
John Blair (1789)<br /> | John Blair (1789-1795)<br /> | ||
James Iredell (1790)<br /> | James Iredell (1790-1799)<br /> | ||
Thomas Johnson (1791)<br /> | Thomas Johnson (1791-1793)<br /> | ||
William Paterson (1793)<br /> | William Paterson (1793-1806)<br /> | ||
Samuel Chase (1796) | Samuel Chase (1796-1811) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[John Adams]] | |[[John Adams]] | ||
|[[John Marshall]] (1801-1836) | |[[John Marshall]] (1801-1836) | ||
|Bushrod Washington (1798-1829)<br /> | |Bushrod Washington (1798-1829)<br /> | ||
Alfred Moore (1799) | Alfred Moore (1799-1804) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Thomas Jefferson]] | |[[Thomas Jefferson]] | ||
| | | | ||
|William Johnson (1804)<br /> | |William Johnson (1804-1834)<br /> | ||
Brockholst Livingston (1806)<br /> | Henry Brockholst Livingston (1806-1823)<br /> | ||
Thomas Todd (1807) | Thomas Todd (1807-1826) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[James Madison]] | |[[James Madison]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Gabriel Duvall (1811)<br /> | |Gabriel Duvall (1811-1835)<br /> | ||
Joseph Story (1811-1845) | Joseph Story (1811-1845) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[James Monroe]] | |[[James Monroe]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Smith Thompson (1823) | |Smith Thompson (1823-1843) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[John Quincy Adams]] | |[[John Quincy Adams]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Robert Trimble (1826) | |Robert Trimble (1826-1828) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Andrew Jackson]] | |[[Andrew Jackson]] | ||
|Roger Brooke Taney (1836-1864) | |Roger Brooke Taney (1836-1864) | ||
|John McLean (1829)<br /> | |John McLean (1829-1861)<br /> | ||
Henry Baldwin (1830-1844)<br /> | Henry Baldwin (1830-1844)<br /> | ||
James M. Wayne (1835)<br /> | James M. Wayne (1835-1867)<br /> | ||
Philip P. Barbour (1836) | Philip P. Barbour (1836-1841)<br /> | ||
John Catron (1837-1865) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Martin Van Buren]] | |[[Martin Van Buren]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |John McKinley (1837-1852)<br /> | ||
John McKinley (1837)<br /> | Peter V. Daniel (1841-1860) | ||
Peter V. Daniel (1841) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[John Tyler]] | |[[John Tyler]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Samuel Nelson (1845) | |Samuel Nelson (1845-1872) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[James K. Polk]] | |[[James K. Polk]] | ||
| Line 113: | Line 115: | ||
|[[Franklin Pierce]] | |[[Franklin Pierce]] | ||
| | | | ||
|John A. Campbell (1853) | |John A. Campbell (1853-1861) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[James Buchanan]] | |[[James Buchanan]] | ||
| Line 121: | Line 123: | ||
|[[Abraham Lincoln]] | |[[Abraham Lincoln]] | ||
|[[Salmon P. Chase]] (1864-1874) | |[[Salmon P. Chase]] (1864-1874) | ||
|Noah H. Swayne (1862)<br /> | |Noah H. Swayne (1862-1881)<br /> | ||
Samuel F. Miller (1862)<br /> | Samuel F. Miller (1862-1890)<br /> | ||
David Davis (1862)<br /> | David Davis (1862-1877)<br /> | ||
Stephen J. Field (1863) | Stephen J. Field (1863) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 129: | Line 131: | ||
|[[Morrison R. Waite]] (1874-1888) | |[[Morrison R. Waite]] (1874-1888) | ||
|William Strong (1870-1880)<br /> | |William Strong (1870-1880)<br /> | ||
Joseph P. Bradley (1870)<br /> | Joseph P. Bradley (1870-1892)<br /> | ||
Ward Hunt (1872) | Ward Hunt (1872-1882) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Rutherford B. Hayes]] | |[[Rutherford B. Hayes]] | ||
| | | | ||
|John Marshall Harlan (1877)<br /> | |John Marshall Harlan (1877-1911)<br /> | ||
William B. Woods (1880-1887) | William B. Woods (1880-1887) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[James A. Garfield]] | |[[James A. Garfield]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Stanley Matthews (1881) | |Stanley Matthews (1881-1889) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Chester A. Arthur]] | |[[Chester A. Arthur]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Horace Gray (1881-1902) | |Horace Gray (1881-1902) | ||
Samuel Blatchford (1882) | Samuel Blatchford (1882-1893) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Grover Cleveland]] (first term) | |[[Grover Cleveland]] (first term) | ||
| Line 152: | Line 154: | ||
|[[Benjamin Harrison]] | |[[Benjamin Harrison]] | ||
| | | | ||
|David J. Brewer (1889)<br /> | |David J. Brewer (1889-1910)<br /> | ||
Henry B. Brown<br /> | Henry B. Brown (1890-1906)<br /> | ||
George Shiras, Jr.<br /> | George Shiras, Jr. (1892-1903)<br /> | ||
Howell Edmunds Jackson (1893-1895) | Howell Edmunds Jackson (1893-1895) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 160: | Line 162: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[Edward Douglass White]] (1894-1910; then Chief Justice)<br /> | |[[Edward Douglass White]] (1894-1910; then Chief Justice)<br /> | ||
Rufus W. Peckham (1895-1909) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[William McKinley]] | |[[William McKinley]] | ||
| Line 169: | Line 171: | ||
| | | | ||
|[[Oliver Wendell Holmes|Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] (1902-1932)<br /> | |[[Oliver Wendell Holmes|Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] (1902-1932)<br /> | ||
William R. Day (1903)<br /> | William R. Day (1903-1922)<br /> | ||
William H. Moody (1906) | William H. Moody (1906-1910) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[William Howard Taft]] | |[[William Howard Taft]] | ||
|[[Edward Douglass White]] (1910-1921) | |[[Edward Douglass White]] (1910-1921) | ||
|Horace H. Lurton (1909-1914)<br /> | |Horace H. Lurton (1909-1914)<br /> | ||
[[Charles Evans Hughes]] (1910- | [[Charles Evans Hughes]] (1910-1916; later Chief Justice)<br /> | ||
Willis Van Devanter (1910)<br /> | Willis Van Devanter (1910-1937)<br /> | ||
Joseph R. Lamar (1910)<br /> | Joseph R. Lamar (1910-1916)<br /> | ||
Mahlon Pitney (1912) | Mahlon Pitney (1912-1922) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] | |[[Woodrow Wilson]] | ||
| | | | ||
|James C. McReynolds (1914-1914)<br /> | |James C. McReynolds (1914-1914)<br /> | ||
[[Louis D. Brandeis]] (1916)<br /> | [[Louis D. Brandeis]] (1916-1939)<br /> | ||
John H. Clarke | John H. Clarke (1916-1922) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Warren G. Harding]] | |[[Warren G. Harding]] | ||
|[[William Howard Taft]] (1921-1930) | |[[William Howard Taft]] (1921-1930) | ||
|George Sutherland (1922)<br /> | |George Sutherland (1922-1938)<br /> | ||
Pierce Butler (1922)<br /> | Pierce Butler (1922-1939)<br /> | ||
Edward T. Sanford (1923) | Edward T. Sanford (1923-1930) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Calvin Coolidge]] | |[[Calvin Coolidge]] | ||
| Line 198: | Line 200: | ||
|[[Herbert Hoover]] | |[[Herbert Hoover]] | ||
|[[Charles Evan Hughes]] (1930-1941) | |[[Charles Evan Hughes]] (1930-1941) | ||
|Owen J. Roberts (1930)<br /> | |Owen J. Roberts (1930-1945)<br /> | ||
Benjamin N. Cardozo (1932-1938) | Benjamin N. Cardozo (1932-1938) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | ||
|[[Harlan Fiske Stone]] (1941-1946) | |[[Harlan Fiske Stone]] (1941-1946) | ||
|Hugo L. Black (1937)<br /> | |Hugo L. Black (1937-1971)<br /> | ||
Stanley Forman Reed (1938)<br /> | Stanley Forman Reed (1938-1957)<br /> | ||
[[Felix Frankfurter]] (1939-1962)<br /> | [[Felix Frankfurter]] (1939-1962)<br /> | ||
William O. Douglas (1939)<br /> | William O. Douglas (1939-1975)<br /> | ||
Frank | Frank Murphy (1940-1949)<br /> | ||
James F. Byrnes (1941-1942)<br /> | James F. Byrnes (1941-1942)<br /> | ||
Robert H. Jackson (1941)<br /> | Robert H. Jackson (1941)<br /> | ||
| Line 214: | Line 216: | ||
|[[Harry S. Truman]] | |[[Harry S. Truman]] | ||
|[[Fred M. Vinson]] (1946-1953) | |[[Fred M. Vinson]] (1946-1953) | ||
|Harold H. Burton (1945)<br /> | |Harold H. Burton (1945-1958)<br /> | ||
Thomas C. Clark (1949)<br /> | Thomas C. Clark (1949-1967)<br /> | ||
Sherman Minton (1949-1956) | Sherman Minton (1949-1956) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 221: | Line 223: | ||
|[[Earl Warren]] (1953-1969) | |[[Earl Warren]] (1953-1969) | ||
|John Marshall Harlan (1955)<br /> | |John Marshall Harlan (1955)<br /> | ||
William J. Brennan, Jr. (1956-1990) | William J. Brennan, Jr. (1956-1990)<br /> | ||
Charles Evans Whittaker (1957-1962)<br /> | |||
Potter Stewart (1958-1981) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[John F. Kennedy]] | |[[John F. Kennedy]] | ||
| | | | ||
|Byron R. White (1962)<br /> | |Byron R. White (1962-1992)<br /> | ||
Arthur J. Goldberg (1962-1965) | Arthur J. Goldberg (1962-1965) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 231: | Line 235: | ||
| | | | ||
|Abe Fortas (1965-1969)<br /> | |Abe Fortas (1965-1969)<br /> | ||
Thurgood Marshall (1967) | Thurgood Marshall (1967-1991) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] | |[[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] | ||
|[[Warren E. Burger]] (1969-1986) | |[[Warren E. Burger]] (1969-1986) | ||
|Harry A. Blackmun (1970-1994)<br /> | |Harry A. Blackmun (1970-1994)<br /> | ||
Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1971)<br /> | Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1971-1987)<br /> | ||
[[William Rehnquist|William H. Rehnquist]] (1971-1986; then Chief Justice) | [[William Rehnquist|William H. Rehnquist]] (1971-1986; then Chief Justice) | ||
|- | |- | ||
Revision as of 21:54, 7 August 2009
The Supreme Court of the United States of America is the highest federal court in the United States. It consists of nine justices, including a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Article Three of the U.S. Constitution defines the original and appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, which includes appeals of federal and state cases and trials of cases where a State or foreign ambassador is a party, although the Eleventh Amendment somewhat limits the jurisdiction of federal courts. There is no constitutional specification of how many justices make up the Court, and Congress increased the number as the nation grew.
History
Establishment
The Supreme Court is the only court that is provided for specifically in the Constitution, which, in Article III section 1, vests the United States government's judicial power in "one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."
In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress determined that the Supreme Court would consist of a chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court justices would meet in the national capital for two sessions each year and, when not in session, "ride circuit" to serve on intermediate appellate courts in the rest of the country.
From the John Jay Court to the John Marshall Court
The Taney Court
The Chase Court and the Waite Court
Melvin W. Fuller, Edward D. White, and William Howard Taft
The 1930s and FDR’s Court-Packing Plan
Earl Warren and Warren Burger
The Rehnquist Court
The Current Court
The current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr., whom George W. Bush appointed in September 2005. Roberts is a Harvard-trained lawyer and former Associate Counsel to the President.
The current associate Justices include:
- John Paul Stevens, a Ford appointee in 1975, and the longest serving current member of the court, having served on the Burger Court and the Rehnquist Court. Stevens is also the second oldest Supreme Court Justice in the history of the United States.
- Antonin Scalia, a Reagan appointee in 1986, is a controversial jurist, the most prominent supporter of the concept of originalism and textualism, and Roman Catholic.
- Anthony Kennedy, a 1988 Reagan appointee, is a conservative and libertarian member of the Court, often serving as the swing vote on controversial decisions.
- David Souter, a 1990 George H. W. Bush appointee, has tended towards being more liberal since Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Following the election of President Barack Obama, Justice Souter has announced his retirement from the Supreme Court[1]. Sonia Sotomayor will replace him on the court.
- Clarence Thomas, a 1991 George H. W. Bush appointee, is the second African-American to serve on the Supreme Court after Thurgood Marshall, and has a conservative judicial philosophy, adhering to originalism.
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a 1993 Clinton appointee, is the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court (the first being the recently retired Sandra Day O'Connor).
- Stephen Breyer, a 1994 Clinton appointee, and the leading liberal Justice on the court. He has indicated he will be retiring at the end of the 2008 session of the court.
- Samuel Alito, a 2006 George W. Bush appointee, a conservative Catholic, nominated after Bush failed to nominate Harriet Miers to the court.
Supreme Court Justices
Beginning dates reflect confirmation rather than the date of the oath of office.
| Appointing Presidents | Chief Justices | Associate Justices |
|---|---|---|
| George Washington | John Jay (1789-1795) John Rutledge (1795-1795) |
John Rutledge (1789-1791) William Cushing (1789-1810) |
| John Adams | John Marshall (1801-1836) | Bushrod Washington (1798-1829) Alfred Moore (1799-1804) |
| Thomas Jefferson | William Johnson (1804-1834) Henry Brockholst Livingston (1806-1823) | |
| James Madison | Gabriel Duvall (1811-1835) Joseph Story (1811-1845) | |
| James Monroe | Smith Thompson (1823-1843) | |
| John Quincy Adams | Robert Trimble (1826-1828) | |
| Andrew Jackson | Roger Brooke Taney (1836-1864) | John McLean (1829-1861) Henry Baldwin (1830-1844) |
| Martin Van Buren | John McKinley (1837-1852) Peter V. Daniel (1841-1860) | |
| John Tyler | Samuel Nelson (1845-1872) | |
| James K. Polk | Levi Woodbury (1845-1851) Robert C. Grier (1846-1870) | |
| Millard Fillmore | Benjamin R. Curtis (1851-1857) | |
| Franklin Pierce | John A. Campbell (1853-1861) | |
| James Buchanan | Nathan Clifford (1858-1881) | |
| Abraham Lincoln | Salmon P. Chase (1864-1874) | Noah H. Swayne (1862-1881) Samuel F. Miller (1862-1890) |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Morrison R. Waite (1874-1888) | William Strong (1870-1880) Joseph P. Bradley (1870-1892) |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | John Marshall Harlan (1877-1911) William B. Woods (1880-1887) | |
| James A. Garfield | Stanley Matthews (1881-1889) | |
| Chester A. Arthur | Horace Gray (1881-1902)
Samuel Blatchford (1882-1893) | |
| Grover Cleveland (first term) | Melville W. Fuller (1888-1910) | Lucius Q.C. Lamar (1888-1893) |
| Benjamin Harrison | David J. Brewer (1889-1910) Henry B. Brown (1890-1906) | |
| Grover Cleveland (second term) | Edward Douglass White (1894-1910; then Chief Justice) Rufus W. Peckham (1895-1909) | |
| William McKinley | Joseph McKenna (1898) | |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1902-1932) William R. Day (1903-1922) | |
| William Howard Taft | Edward Douglass White (1910-1921) | Horace H. Lurton (1909-1914) Charles Evans Hughes (1910-1916; later Chief Justice) |
| Woodrow Wilson | James C. McReynolds (1914-1914) Louis D. Brandeis (1916-1939) | |
| Warren G. Harding | William Howard Taft (1921-1930) | George Sutherland (1922-1938) Pierce Butler (1922-1939) |
| Calvin Coolidge | Harlan Fiske Stone (1925-1941; then Chief Justice) | |
| Herbert Hoover | Charles Evan Hughes (1930-1941) | Owen J. Roberts (1930-1945) Benjamin N. Cardozo (1932-1938) |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Harlan Fiske Stone (1941-1946) | Hugo L. Black (1937-1971) Stanley Forman Reed (1938-1957) |
| Harry S. Truman | Fred M. Vinson (1946-1953) | Harold H. Burton (1945-1958) Thomas C. Clark (1949-1967) |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Earl Warren (1953-1969) | John Marshall Harlan (1955) William J. Brennan, Jr. (1956-1990) |
| John F. Kennedy | Byron R. White (1962-1992) Arthur J. Goldberg (1962-1965) | |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Abe Fortas (1965-1969) Thurgood Marshall (1967-1991) | |
| Richard M. Nixon | Warren E. Burger (1969-1986) | Harry A. Blackmun (1970-1994) Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1971-1987) |
| Gerald R. Ford | John Paul Stevens (1975-present) | |
| Ronald Reagan | William H. Rehnquist (1986-2005) | Sandra Day O'Connor (1981-2006) Antonin Scalia (1986-present) |
| George H.W. Bush | David H. Souter (1990-2009) Clarence Thomas (1991-present) | |
| Bill Clinton | Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993-present) Stephen G. Breyer (1994-present) | |
| George W. Bush | John G. Roberts, Jr. (2005-present) | Samuel Alito (2006-present) |
| Barack Obama | Sonia Sotomayor (2009-present) |