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Slightly sweet disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose linked together, and found in milk.

<noinclude>{{Subpages}}</noinclude>A glucose polymer used as a [[human blood plasma|plasma]] expander in hypovolemia

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A biochemical pathway by which a molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate.

Fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough t

{{Image|Glucose-6-phosphate structures.jpg|right|350px|Glucose-6-phosphate}} ...y of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way. Like glucose, it exists in linear and cyclic forms.

Formation of glucose, especially by the liver, from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as amino ac

A test to measure the ability of the liver to convert glucose to glycogen.

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Breakdown conversion of glycogen to glucose, which occurs in the liver and is stimulated by glucagon from the pancreas

...ia, low level of high-density lipoproteins, hypertension, and high fasting glucose level.

<noinclude>{{Subpages}}</noinclude>A polymer of glucose subunits, administered in balanced electrolyte solutions, used as a plasma

...to a carbohydrate-rich food that is based on the average increase in blood glucose levels occurring after the food is eaten.

...assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man |journal=Diabetologia |volume=28 |issue=7 ...th>\text{HOMA-B} = \frac{20 * \text{fasting insulin}}{\text{fasting plasma glucose} - 3.5}</math>

...water-soluble liquid, C3H6O3, produced in muscles as a result of anaerobic glucose metabolism, and present in sour milk, molasses, various fruits, and wines.

'''Gluconeogenesis''' is the generation of [[glucose]] from other organic molecules like [[pyruvate]], [[lactate]], [[glycerol]] ...nd can therefore be used for net synthesis of oxaloacetate (and thereafter glucose) .

...ta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of g ...enfeld D, Heine RJ |title=Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1473–8 |year=200

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...brain and [[white blood cells]]. Glycogen plays an important role in the [[glucose cycle]]. ...of a branch. Glycogen does not possess a reducing end: the 'reducing end' glucose residue is not free but is covalently bound to a protein termed [[glycogeni

:<math>2 \times \text{serum sodium (mmol/L)} + \frac{\text{glucose (mg/dl)}}{18} + \frac{\text{blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)}}{2.8}</math>

..., Czech MP. (2007) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.006 The GLUT4 glucose transporter]. ''Cell Metab'' 5:237-52. ...ates this uptake is GLUT4, which plays a key role in regulating whole body glucose homeostasis.</font>

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...Sans MT">Diminished effectiveness of [[insulin]] in lowering blood sugar [glucose]<ref name=gluc group=Note/> levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more ...ted with a subnormal glucose response [i.e., subnormal reduction in plasma glucose concentration] [cites: Moller DE, Flier JS. Insulin resistance--mechanisms,

...urons in the [[hypothalamus]], which then signalled for meal termination. Glucose was thus thought of as a likely [[satiety]] factor <ref name="pmid17158418" ...cose level thus elicit complex neuroendocrine responses that restore blood glucose levels to the optimum range <ref name="pmid16887153">{{cite journal|author=

...me="pmid9742977">{{cite journal| author=| title=Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 ...SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA| title=10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 3

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* severe hyperglycemia (e.g., plasma glucose >600 mg/dl [>33.3 mmol/l]) and

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...e''' is a [[disaccharide]] sugar made up of the two [[monosaccharide]]s, [[glucose]] and [[galactose]]. It has many uses, among them being a common solid vehi

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'''Dextran 70''' is a glucose polymer used medically as a colloid, injected intravenously, to increase th

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...dialysis. There is an uncompensated decrease in food intake following the glucose load without altering water intake. They concluded that the release of GI h ...unt of glucose for cell oxidation. They concluded that the availability of glucose appears to be a stimulus for eating.

...ition in which the excessive urination is caused by high blood levels of [[glucose]] (a sugar).

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...hen [[insulin]] antagonistic hormones peaks leading to insulin resistance; glucose intolerance; and hyperglycemia."<ref>{{MeSH|Diabetes, Gestational}}</ref>

...sms, the [[aldose]] sugars <small>D</small>-[[allose]], D-[[altrose]], D-[[glucose]], D-[[mannose]], D-[[Gulose]], D-[[Idose]], D-[[Galactose]] and D-[[Talose

...e]] and [[cytodine]]. Biological sugar molecules, including [[ribose]], [[glucose]] and many others, are also heterocyclic chemicals. Other important hetero

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...id#Glucocorticoids|Glucocorticoid]]s were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat m

...a large amount of energy rather quickly. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is: ...urs in gradual steps that result in the conversion of the energy stored in glucose to usable chemical energy in the form of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]. AT

...saminated to pyruvate, which is converted through [[gluconeogenesis]] into glucose. The amino group released from alanine is taken up by &alpha;-ketoglutarate

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...ose production and increasing insulin-stimulated uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and fat cells. ...h this needs to be traded against the cardiovascular risks of uncontrolled glucose.

...s the case in oxygen-starved muscle cells). This also allows circulating [[glucose]] to be available to muscle cells. ...e and then to [[glucose]]. This, along with the production of lactate from glucose in muscle cells constitutes the [[Cori cycle]].

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...s]]. The net result of the glyoxylate cycle is therefore the production of glucose from [[acetyl CoA]].

...[Stress and appetite|stress]], by [[Glucostatic theory of appetite control|glucose]] concentrations in the blood, and by physiological state - appetite is sti

* Serum glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL The blood glucose is above 250 mg/dl in over 90% of patients.<ref name="pmid7891491">{{cite j

...rve. It wasn't until Booth (1972) demonstrated that metabolites other than glucose also produced this effect that researchers began to question how this pheno ==The dynamic between Glucose and Lipid systems==

...="pmid15924903">{{cite journal| author=Mobbs CV ''et al.''| title=Impaired glucose signaling as a cause of obesity and the metabolic syndrome: the glucoadipos ...C, Slusser PG, Stone S| title=Glucoreceptors controlling feeding and blood glucose: location in the hindbrain. | journal=Science | year= 1981 | volume= 213 |

...panel is a subset of the [[basic metabolic panel]], which also measures [[glucose]], [[blood urea nitrogen]] and [[creatinine]]; an automated analyzer often

...cells. When the frog rewarms during [[spring (season)|spring]], the extra glucose must be rapidly removed from the cells and recycled via renal excretion and

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...o not know to take up glucose, resulting in high blood sugar and a lack of glucose in the cells.) ...eeded for biosynthesis cannot be stored, in contrast with fatty acids and glucose, nor are they excreted. Rather, surplus amino acids are used as metabolic f

...ic neurones, and it is involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour and glucose homeostasis <ref>King BM (2006) The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ven ...for normal body-weight homeostasis. ''Neuron'' 2006. 49:191-203</ref> with glucose homeostasis , and with the regulation of expression of cannabinoid receptor

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...rbohydrate catabolism]] (the breakdown of sugars). [[Glycolysis]] breaks [[glucose]] (a six-carbon-molecule) down into [[pyruvate]] (a three-carbon molecule) ...metimes beta oxidation can yield propionyl CoA which can result in further glucose production by [[gluconeogenesis]] in liver.

...n, as well as the particular organism performing it. Below, the sugar is [[glucose]] (C₆H₁₂O₆), the most common sugar, and th :::Sugar (glucose) → Alcohol (ethanol) + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (ATP)

...ere only found in the ''sect. deserticola'' species; while anthraquinones, glucose gallates and naphthalenes could be detected in all studied species. For ant

...ration by a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar ...c index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glyc

...006.03.018 The Noxa/Mcl-1 axis regulates susceptibility to apoptosis under glucose limitation in dividing T cells.] ''Immunity''24(6):703-716. PMID 16782027. ...ay that functions to restrain lymphocyte expansion and can be triggered by glucose deprivation.</ref>

===Glucose control=== |+ [[Randomized controlled trial]]s of intraoperative glucose control.<ref name="pmid21865944">{{cite journal| author=Lazar HL, McDonnell

...[[testosterone]]). The glucocorticoids play a part in the regulation of [[glucose]] levels in the blood, protein [[metabolism]], and fat metabolism as well a

...haea. The cell wall T.Acidophilum is composed of an unusual composition of glucose and mannose, this uniqueness allows the microbe to survive the harsh temper

Frige', F. ''et al.'' (2009). "Batriatic Surgery in Obesity: Changes of Glucose & Lipid Metabolism Correlate with Changes of Fat Mass". ''Nutrition, Metabo ...associated with normalization of glucose levels in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes''', in the vast majority of the cases")

...t's administration of [[epinephrine]], [[albuterol]] and other inhalers, [[glucose]], [[activated charcoal]], [[nitroglycerin]], and others.

...ysis''' is a [[biochemical pathway]] by which a [[molecule]] of [[Glucose|glucose (Glc)]] is [[oxidation|oxidized]] to two molecules of [[Pyruvic acid|pyruvi Glycolysis ending in pyruvate, lactate or ethanol, produces less energy per glucose molecule than complete [[aerobic]] oxidation, and so flux through the pathw

...amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, and most carbohydrates (including [[glucose]], [[fructose]], [[lactose]] and [[galactose]]). [[glucose]].

...vestigations showed that living organisms, with few exceptions, metabolize glucose using the same mechanism, namely, by a [[Glycolysis|biochemical pathway]] t ...rates]] (mostly sugars and starch) are hydrolyzed into monosacharides like glucose. The [[mitochondrion]] (in green) contains the enzymes that catalyze the [[

...vestigations showed that living organisms, with few exceptions, metabolize glucose using the same mechanism, namely, by a [[Glycolysis|biochemical pathway]] t ...rates]] (mostly sugars and starch) are hydrolyzed into monosacharides like glucose. The [[mitochondrion]] (in green) contains the enzymes that catalyze the [[

The disease is characterised by increased levels of [[glucose]] (a form of sugar) in the blood. ==Regulation of blood glucose==

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Turner NC, Clapham JC (1998) Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin dependent diabetes, pathologic mechanism and trea ...''et al.'' (2002) Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging. ''Diabetes'' 51:2951–8

...cofactor in the enzymes [[monoamine oxidase]], [[D-amino acid oxidase]], [[glucose oxidase]], and [[xanthine oxidase]].

...sects most often use [[sugar]]s as cryoprotectants. Arctic [[frog]]s use [[glucose]], but Arctic [[salamander]]s create [[glycerol]] in their [[liver]]s for u

...production, plasma [[glucose]], [[triglycerides]] and eventually impaired glucose tolerance; all signs predisposing one to T2DM and obesity.<ref> ...eceptors, but the binding of insulin to its receptors does not turn on the glucose-transporting machinery.

...ncreas. <ref name=wook2008>Wook K, Egan JM (2008) The role of incretins in glucose and hemeostasis and diabetes treatment ''Pharmacol Rev'' 60:470-512</ref> W ...prevents fat breakdown thus inhibiting fat oxidation and further promoting glucose uptake in cells.