Glycemic index
In nutrition, the glycemic index is a "numerical system of measuring the rate of blood glucose generation by a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings. These numbers do not correspond to calories or amounts of food intake but rather, depend on the rates of digestion and absorption of these food items."[1]
Physiology
Glycemic index
"The glycemic index factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. Low glycaemic index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glycaemic index foods, such as white bread."[2][3]
Glycemic load
The glycemic load is "the mathematical product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate amount".[4][5]
Clinical role
A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that low glycemic index or low glycemic load diets led to more weight loss and better lipid profiles. However, the Cochrane Collaboration grouped low glycemic index and low glycemic load diets together and did not try to separate the effects of the load versus the index.[2]
Obesity
In a randomized controlled trial that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index the authors found that glycemic index may not affect weight lost.[5]
Cardiovascular risk reduction
In a randomized controlled trial that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index[5], the authors concluded that "cardiovascular risk reduction is optimized by a high-carbohydrate, low-GI (glycemic index) diet".
Diabetes
| low–glycemic index | high–cereal fiber | |
|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | –0.50% | –0.18% |
| HDL | +1.7 mg/dL | –0.2 mg/dL |
In a randomized controlled trial that compared high–cereal fiber versus low–glycemic index dietary advice for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, the low glycemic index diet reduced the HbA1c and raised the high-density lipoproteins.[7]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2023), Glycemic index (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). "Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005105. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2. PMID 17636786. Research Blogging.
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<ref>tag; name "pmid17636786" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Jenkins DJ et al. (1981). "Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 362-6. PMID 6259925. [e]
- ↑ Brand-Miller JC et al. (2003). "Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults". J Nutr 133: 2728-32. PMID 12949357. [e]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 McMillan-Price J et al. (2006). "Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial". Arch. Intern. Med. 166: 1466-75. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466. PMID 16864756. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jenkins, David J. A.; Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter (2008-12-17). "Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial". JAMA 300 (23): 2742-2753. DOI:10.1001/jama.2008.808. Retrieved on 2008-12-17. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jenkins, David J. A.; Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter (2008-12-17). "Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial". JAMA 300 (23): 2742-2753. DOI:10.1001/jama.2008.808. Retrieved on 2008-12-17. Research Blogging.