Nobel Prize/Catalogs/Physiology or Medicine: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Supten Sarbadhikari
No edit summary
imported>Caesar Schinas
m (Bot: Delinking years)
Line 12: Line 12:
!Prize awarded for:
!Prize awarded for:
|-
|-
|[[1901]]
|1901
|[[Emil von Behring]]
|[[Emil von Behring]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|work on serum therapy to treat [[diphtheria]]
|work on serum therapy to treat [[diphtheria]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1902]]
|1902
|[[Ronald Ross]]
|[[Ronald Ross]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|research on [[malaria]]
|research on [[malaria]]
|-
|-
|[[1903]]
|1903
|[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]
|[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark]]
|use of light radiation in the treatment of disease, particularly [[lupus vulgaris]]
|use of light radiation in the treatment of disease, particularly [[lupus vulgaris]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1904]]
|1904
|[[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]]
|[[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]]
|[[Russia]]
|[[Russia]]
|work on the physiology of [[digestion]]
|work on the physiology of [[digestion]]
|-
|-
|[[1905]]
|1905
|[[Robert Koch]]
|[[Robert Koch]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|research on [[tuberculosis]]
|research on [[tuberculosis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1906]]
|rowspan=2 |1906
|[[Camillo Golgi]]
|[[Camillo Golgi]]
|[[Italy]]
|[[Italy]]
Line 45: Line 45:
|[[Spain]]
|[[Spain]]
|-
|-
|[[1907]]
|1907
|[[Alphonse Laveran]]
|[[Alphonse Laveran]]
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
|research into [[protozoa]]l diseases
|research into [[protozoa]]l diseases
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1908]]
|rowspan=2 |1908
|[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]]
|[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]]
|[[Russia]]
|[[Russia]]
Line 58: Line 58:
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|-
|-
|[[1909]]
|1909
|[[Theodor Kocher]]
|[[Theodor Kocher]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|work on the [[thyroid gland]]
|work on the [[thyroid gland]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1910]]
|1910
|[[Albrecht Kossel]]
|[[Albrecht Kossel]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|research in [[biochemistry]]
|research in [[biochemistry]]
|-
|-
|[[1911]]
|1911
|[[Allvar Gullstrand]]
|[[Allvar Gullstrand]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
|research on the [[optics]] of the [[eye]]
|research on the [[optics]] of the [[eye]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1912]]
|1912
|[[Alexis Carrel]]
|[[Alexis Carrel]]
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
|work on vascular [[suture]] and [[transplantation]] of [[blood vessel]]s
|work on vascular [[suture]] and [[transplantation]] of [[blood vessel]]s
|-
|-
|[[1913]]
|1913
|[[Charles Richet]]
|[[Charles Richet]]
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
|research into [[anaphylaxis]]
|research into [[anaphylaxis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1914]]
|1914
|[[Robert Bárány]]
|[[Robert Bárány]]
|[[Austria]]
|[[Austria]]
|research on the [[vestibular apparatus]] of the inner [[ear]]
|research on the [[vestibular apparatus]] of the inner [[ear]]
|-
|-
|[[1915]]
|1915
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1916]]
|1916
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|-
|[[1917]]
|1917
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1918]]
|1918
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|-
|[[1919]]
|1919
|[[Jules Bordet]]
|[[Jules Bordet]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Belgium]]
|discoveries relating to [[immunity]]
|discoveries relating to [[immunity]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1920]]
|1920
|[[August Krogh]]
|[[August Krogh]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark]]
|discovery of the [[capillary]] motor regulating mechanism
|discovery of the [[capillary]] motor regulating mechanism
|-
|-
|[[1921]]
|1921
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1922]]
|rowspan=2 |1922
|[[Archibald Vivian Hill]]
|[[Archibald Vivian Hill]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 122: Line 122:
|discovery of the relationship between [[oxygen]] consumption and [[lactic acid]] metabolism in muscle
|discovery of the relationship between [[oxygen]] consumption and [[lactic acid]] metabolism in muscle
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1923]]
|rowspan=2 |1923
|[[Frederick G. Banting]]<ref>Banting shared his part of the prize with his co-worker [[Charles Best]]</ref>
|[[Frederick G. Banting]]<ref>Banting shared his part of the prize with his co-worker [[Charles Best]]</ref>
|[[Canada]]
|[[Canada]]
Line 130: Line 130:
|[[Canada]]
|[[Canada]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1924]]
|1924
|[[Willem Einthoven]]
|[[Willem Einthoven]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|discovery of the mechanism of the [[electrocardiogram]]
|discovery of the mechanism of the [[electrocardiogram]]
|-
|-
|[[1925]]
|1925
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1926]]
|1926
|[[Johannes Fibiger]]
|[[Johannes Fibiger]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark]]
|discovery of ''[[Gongylonema neoplasticum]]'', an [[helminth]]ic [[parasite]] that induces [[gastric cancer]]
|discovery of ''[[Gongylonema neoplasticum]]'', an [[helminth]]ic [[parasite]] that induces [[gastric cancer]]
|-
|-
|[[1927]]
|1927
|[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
|[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
|[[Austria]]
|[[Austria]]
|the use of [[malaria]] inoculation in the treatment of [[general paralysis]]
|the use of [[malaria]] inoculation in the treatment of [[general paralysis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1928]]
|1928
|[[Charles Nicolle]]
|[[Charles Nicolle]]
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
|work on [[typhus]]
|work on [[typhus]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1929]]
|rowspan=2 |1929
|[[Christiaan Eijkman]]
|[[Christiaan Eijkman]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Netherlands]]
Line 162: Line 162:
|discovery of growth-stimulating [[vitamin]]s
|discovery of growth-stimulating [[vitamin]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1930]]
|1930
|[[Karl Landsteiner]]
|[[Karl Landsteiner]]
|[[Austria]]
|[[Austria]]
|discovery of human [[blood group]]s
|discovery of human [[blood group]]s
|-
|-
|[[1931]]
|1931
|[[Otto Warburg]]
|[[Otto Warburg]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the nature and mode of action of [[respiratory enzyme]]
|discovery of the nature and mode of action of [[respiratory enzyme]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1932]]
|rowspan=2 |1932
|Sir [[Charles Sherrington]]
|Sir [[Charles Sherrington]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 180: Line 180:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|[[1933]]
|1933
|[[Thomas H. Morgan]]
|[[Thomas H. Morgan]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovering the role of [[chromosome]]s in [[heredity]]
|discovering the role of [[chromosome]]s in [[heredity]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1934]]
|rowspan=3 |1934
|[[George H. Whipple]]
|[[George H. Whipple]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 196: Line 196:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1935]]
|1935
|[[Hans Spemann]]
|[[Hans Spemann]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the organizing center in [[embryo]]nic development
|discovery of the organizing center in [[embryo]]nic development
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1936]]
|rowspan=2 |1936
|Sir [[Henry Dale]]
|Sir [[Henry Dale]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 209: Line 209:
|[[Austria]]
|[[Austria]]
|-
|-
|[[1937]]
|1937
|[[Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt]]
|[[Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt]]
|[[Hungary]]
|[[Hungary]]
|work on the [[biochemistry]] of [[cell respiration]], with special reference to [[vitamin C]] and [[fumaric acid]]
|work on the [[biochemistry]] of [[cell respiration]], with special reference to [[vitamin C]] and [[fumaric acid]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1938]]
|1938
|[[Corneille Heymans]]
|[[Corneille Heymans]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Belgium]]
|discovery of the roles of the [[sinus]] and [[aorta]] in the regulation of [[respiration]]
|discovery of the roles of the [[sinus]] and [[aorta]] in the regulation of [[respiration]]
|-
|-
|[[1939]]
|1939
|[[Gerhard Domagk]]
|[[Gerhard Domagk]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the antibacterial effects of the [[sulphonamide]], [[Prontosil]]
|discovery of the antibacterial effects of the [[sulphonamide]], [[Prontosil]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1940]]
|1940
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|-
|[[1941]]
|1941
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1942]]
|1942
|colspan=3 |No award
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1943]]
|rowspan=2 |1943
|[[Henrik Dam]]
|[[Henrik Dam]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark]]
Line 242: Line 242:
|discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
|discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1944]]
|rowspan=2 |1944
|[[Joseph Erlanger]]
|[[Joseph Erlanger]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 250: Line 250:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1945]]
|rowspan=3 |1945
|Sir [[Alexander Fleming]]
|Sir [[Alexander Fleming]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 261: Line 261:
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1946]]
|1946
|[[Hermann J. Muller]]
|[[Hermann J. Muller]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery that [[mutation]]s can be induced by [[x-ray]]s
|discovery that [[mutation]]s can be induced by [[x-ray]]s
|-
|-
|rowspan = 3|[[1947]]
|rowspan = 3|1947
|[[Carl Cori]]
|[[Carl Cori]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 278: Line 278:
|discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior [[pituitary]] lobe in the metabolism of sugar
|discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior [[pituitary]] lobe in the metabolism of sugar
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1948]]
|1948
|[[Paul Müller]]
|[[Paul Müller]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|discovery of the [[insecticide]] action of [[DDT]]
|discovery of the [[insecticide]] action of [[DDT]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1949]]
|rowspan=2 |1949
|[[Walter Hess]]
|[[Walter Hess]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Switzerland]]
Line 292: Line 292:
|discovery of the therapeutic effect of prefrontal [[lobotomy]]
|discovery of the therapeutic effect of prefrontal [[lobotomy]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1950]]
|rowspan=3 |1950
|[[Edward C. Kendall]]
|[[Edward C. Kendall]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 303: Line 303:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1951]]
|1951
|[[Max Theiler]]
|[[Max Theiler]]
|[[South Africa]]
|[[South Africa]]
|developing a [[vaccine]] against [[yellow fever]]
|developing a [[vaccine]] against [[yellow fever]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1952]]
|1952
|[[Selman A. Waksman]]
|[[Selman A. Waksman]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of [[streptomycin]], the first [[antibiotic]] effective against [[tuberculosis]]
|discovery of [[streptomycin]], the first [[antibiotic]] effective against [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1953]]
|rowspan=2|1953
|[[Hans Krebs]]
|[[Hans Krebs]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 322: Line 322:
|discovery and research on [[coenzyme A]]
|discovery and research on [[coenzyme A]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1954]]
|rowspan=3 |1954
|[[John F. Enders]]
|[[John F. Enders]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 333: Line 333:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1955]]
|1955
|[[Hugo Theorell]]
|[[Hugo Theorell]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
|discoveries on the nature and mode of action of [[oxidation]] enzymes
|discoveries on the nature and mode of action of [[oxidation]] enzymes
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1956]]
|rowspan=3 |1956
|[[André F. Cournand]]
|[[André F. Cournand]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 349: Line 349:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1957]]
|1957
|[[Daniel Bovet]]
|[[Daniel Bovet]]
|[[Italy]]
|[[Italy]]
|discoveries relating to synthetic drugs, including [[antihistamine]]s
|discoveries relating to synthetic drugs, including [[antihistamine]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1958]]
|rowspan=3 |1958
|[[George Beadle]]
|[[George Beadle]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 366: Line 366:
|discoveries relating to genetic recombination and the organisation of genetic material in bacteria
|discoveries relating to genetic recombination and the organisation of genetic material in bacteria
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1959]]
|rowspan=2 |1959
|[[Severo Ochoa]]
|[[Severo Ochoa]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 374: Line 374:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1960]]
|rowspan=2 |1960
|Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]
|Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
Line 382: Line 382:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|[[1961]]
|1961
|[[Georg von Békésy]]
|[[Georg von Békésy]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of the physical mechanism of stimulation in the [[cochlea]] of the [[ear]]
|discovery of the physical mechanism of stimulation in the [[cochlea]] of the [[ear]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1962]]
|rowspan=3 |1962
|[[Francis Crick]]
|[[Francis Crick]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 398: Line 398:
|[[United Kingdom]] / [[New Zealand]]
|[[United Kingdom]] / [[New Zealand]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1963]]
|rowspan=3 |1963
|Sir [[John Eccles]]
|Sir [[John Eccles]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
Line 409: Line 409:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1964]]
|rowspan=2 |1964
|[[Konrad Bloch]]
|[[Konrad Bloch]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 417: Line 417:
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1965]]
|rowspan=3 |1965
|[[François Jacob]]
|[[François Jacob]]
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
Line 428: Line 428:
|[[France]]
|[[France]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2|[[1966]]
|rowspan=2|1966
|[[Peyton Rous]]
|[[Peyton Rous]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 437: Line 437:
|discoveries relating to the hormonal treatment of [[prostate cancer]]
|discoveries relating to the hormonal treatment of [[prostate cancer]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1967]]
|rowspan=3 |1967
|[[Ragnar Granit]]
|[[Ragnar Granit]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
Line 448: Line 448:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1968]]
|rowspan=3 |1968
|[[Robert W. Holley]]
|[[Robert W. Holley]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 459: Line 459:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1969]]
|rowspan=3 |1969
|[[Max Delbrück]]
|[[Max Delbrück]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 470: Line 470:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1970]]
|rowspan=3 |1970
|Sir [[Bernard Katz]]
|Sir [[Bernard Katz]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 481: Line 481:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1971]]
|1971
|[[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]]
|[[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|research into the mechanisms of action of [[hormone]]s, especially [[epinephrine]] via [[cyclic AMP]]
|research into the mechanisms of action of [[hormone]]s, especially [[epinephrine]] via [[cyclic AMP]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1972]]
|rowspan=2 |1972
|[[Gerald M. Edelman]]
|[[Gerald M. Edelman]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 494: Line 494:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1973]]
|rowspan=3 |1973
|[[Karl von Frisch]]
|[[Karl von Frisch]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
Line 505: Line 505:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1974]]
|rowspan=3 |1974
|[[Albert Claude]]
|[[Albert Claude]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Belgium]]
Line 516: Line 516:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1975]]
|rowspan=3 |1975
|[[David Baltimore]]
|[[David Baltimore]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 527: Line 527:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1976]]
|rowspan=2 |1976
|[[Baruch S. Blumberg]]
|[[Baruch S. Blumberg]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 535: Line 535:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1977]]
|rowspan=3 |1977
|[[Roger Guillemin]]
|[[Roger Guillemin]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 547: Line 547:
|development of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones
|development of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1978]]
|rowspan=3 |1978
|[[Werner Arber]]
|[[Werner Arber]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Switzerland]]
Line 558: Line 558:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1979]]
|rowspan=2 |1979
|[[Allan M. Cormack]]
|[[Allan M. Cormack]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 566: Line 566:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1980]]
|rowspan=3 |1980
|[[Baruj Benacerraf]]
|[[Baruj Benacerraf]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 577: Line 577:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1981]]
|rowspan=3|1981
|[[Roger W. Sperry]]
|[[Roger W. Sperry]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 589: Line 589:
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1982]]
|rowspan=3 |1982
|[[Sune K. Bergström]]
|[[Sune K. Bergström]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
Line 600: Line 600:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|[[1983]]
|1983
|[[Barbara McClintock]]
|[[Barbara McClintock]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of mobile genetic elements
|discovery of mobile genetic elements
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1984]]
|rowspan=3 |1984
|[[Niels K. Jerne]]
|[[Niels K. Jerne]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark]]
Line 616: Line 616:
|[[Argentina]] / [[United Kingdom]]
|[[Argentina]] / [[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1985]]
|rowspan=2 |1985
|[[Michael S. Brown]]
|[[Michael S. Brown]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 624: Line 624:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1986]]
|rowspan=2 |1986
|[[Stanley Cohen]]
|[[Stanley Cohen]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 632: Line 632:
|[[Italy]]/[[United States]]
|[[Italy]]/[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1987]]
|1987
|[[Susumu Tonegawa]]
|[[Susumu Tonegawa]]
|[[Japan]]
|[[Japan]]
|discovery of the genetic principle of [[antibody]] diversity
|discovery of the genetic principle of [[antibody]] diversity
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1988]]
|rowspan=3 |1988
|Sir [[James W. Black]]
|Sir [[James W. Black]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 648: Line 648:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1989]]
|rowspan=2 |1989
|[[J. Michael Bishop]]
|[[J. Michael Bishop]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 656: Line 656:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1990]]
|rowspan=2 |1990
|[[Joseph E. Murray]]
|[[Joseph E. Murray]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 664: Line 664:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1991]]
|rowspan=2 |1991
|[[Erwin Neher]]
|[[Erwin Neher]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
Line 672: Line 672:
|[[Germany]]
|[[Germany]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1992]]
|rowspan=2 |1992
|[[Edmond H. Fischer]]
|[[Edmond H. Fischer]]
|[[Switzerland]]/[[United States]]
|[[Switzerland]]/[[United States]]
Line 680: Line 680:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1993]]
|rowspan=2 |1993
|[[Richard J. Roberts]]
|[[Richard J. Roberts]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 688: Line 688:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1994]]
|rowspan=2 |1994
|[[Alfred G. Gilman]]
|[[Alfred G. Gilman]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 696: Line 696:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1995]]
|rowspan=3 |1995
|[[Edward B. Lewis]]
|[[Edward B. Lewis]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 707: Line 707:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1996]]
|rowspan=2 |1996
|[[Peter C. Doherty]]
|[[Peter C. Doherty]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
Line 715: Line 715:
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|-
|-
|[[1997]]
|1997
|[[Stanley B. Prusiner]]
|[[Stanley B. Prusiner]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of [[prion]]s
|discovery of [[prion]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1998]]
|rowspan=3 |1998
|[[Robert F. Furchgott]]
|[[Robert F. Furchgott]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 731: Line 731:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|[[1999]]
|1999
|[[Günter Blobel]]
|[[Günter Blobel]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery that [[protein]]s have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|discovery that [[protein]]s have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[2000]]
|rowspan=3 |2000
|[[Arvid Carlsson]]
|[[Arvid Carlsson]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[Sweden]]
Line 747: Line 747:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[2001]]
|rowspan=3 |2001
|[[Leland H. Hartwell]]
|[[Leland H. Hartwell]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 758: Line 758:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[2002]]
|rowspan=3 |2002
|[[Sydney Brenner]]
|[[Sydney Brenner]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
Line 769: Line 769:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[2003]]
|rowspan=2 |2003
|[[Paul C. Lauterbur]]
|[[Paul C. Lauterbur]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 777: Line 777:
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[2004]]
|rowspan=2 |2004
|[[Richard Axel]]
|[[Richard Axel]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 785: Line 785:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[2005]]
|rowspan=2 |2005
|[[Barry J. Marshall]]
|[[Barry J. Marshall]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
Line 793: Line 793:
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australia]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[2006]]
|rowspan=2 |2006
|[[Andrew Z. Fire]]
|[[Andrew Z. Fire]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
Line 801: Line 801:
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[2007]]
|rowspan=3 |2007
|[[Mario R. Capecchi]]
|[[Mario R. Capecchi]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United States]]

Revision as of 07:00, 9 June 2009

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the five original Nobel Prizes founded by Alfred Nobel's will in 1901. It is awarded annually.

Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Year Name Nation[1] Prize awarded for:
1901 Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy to treat diphtheria
1902 Ronald Ross United Kingdom research on malaria
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark use of light radiation in the treatment of disease, particularly lupus vulgaris
1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion
1905 Robert Koch Germany research on tuberculosis
1906 Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain
1907 Alphonse Laveran France research into protozoal diseases
1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Russia research on immunity
Paul Ehrlich Germany
1909 Theodor Kocher Switzerland work on the thyroid gland
1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany research in biochemistry
1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden research on the optics of the eye
1912 Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels
1913 Charles Richet France research into anaphylaxis
1914 Robert Bárány Austria research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
1915 No award
1916 No award
1917 No award
1918 No award
1919 Jules Bordet Belgium discoveries relating to immunity
1920 August Krogh Denmark discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
1921 No award
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom research on heat production in muscles
Otto Fritz Meyerhof Germany discovery of the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscle
1923 Frederick G. Banting[2] Canada discovery of insulin
John Macleod Canada
1924 Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
1925 No award
1926 Johannes Fibiger Denmark discovery of Gongylonema neoplasticum, an helminthic parasite that induces gastric cancer
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria the use of malaria inoculation in the treatment of general paralysis
1928 Charles Nicolle France work on typhus
1929 Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of antineuritic vitamin
Sir Frederick Hopkins United Kingdom discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins
1930 Karl Landsteiner Austria discovery of human blood groups
1931 Otto Warburg Germany discovery of the nature and mode of action of respiratory enzyme
1932 Sir Charles Sherrington United Kingdom work on the functions of neurons
Edgar Adrian United Kingdom
1933 Thomas H. Morgan United States discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity
1934 George H. Whipple United States work on liver therapy for anemia
George R. Minot United States
William P. Murphy United States
1935 Hans Spemann Germany discovery of the organizing center in embryonic development
1936 Sir Henry Dale United Kingdom work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses
Otto Loewi Austria
1937 Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt Hungary work on the biochemistry of cell respiration, with special reference to vitamin C and fumaric acid
1938 Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of the roles of the sinus and aorta in the regulation of respiration
1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany discovery of the antibacterial effects of the sulphonamide, Prontosil
1940 No award
1941 No award
1942 No award
1943 Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K
Edward A. Doisy United States discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
1944 Joseph Erlanger United States work on the different types and functions of single nerve fibres
Herbert S. Gasser United States
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases
Ernst B. Chain United Kingdom
Sir Howard Florey Australia
1946 Hermann J. Muller United States discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays
1947 Carl Cori United States discovery of how glycogen is converted to glucose
Gerty Cori United States
Bernardo Houssay Argentina discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
1948 Paul Müller Switzerland discovery of the insecticide action of DDT
1949 Walter Hess Switzerland mapping the various functions of the midbrain
Egas Moniz Portugal discovery of the therapeutic effect of prefrontal lobotomy
1950 Edward C. Kendall United States discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland
Philip S. Hench United States
1951 Max Theiler South Africa developing a vaccine against yellow fever
1952 Selman A. Waksman United States discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
1953 Hans Krebs United Kingdom discovery of the citric acid cycle
Fritz Lipmann United States discovery and research on coenzyme A
1954 John F. Enders United States cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture
Thomas H. Weller United States
Frederick C. Robbins United States
1955 Hugo Theorell Sweden discoveries on the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
1956 André F. Cournand United States development of heart catheterization and discoveries in cardiovascular pathologies
Werner Forssmann Germany
Dickinson W. Richards United States
1957 Daniel Bovet Italy discoveries relating to synthetic drugs, including antihistamines
1958 George Beadle United States discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
Edward Tatum United States
Joshua Lederberg United States discoveries relating to genetic recombination and the organisation of genetic material in bacteria
1959 Severo Ochoa United States discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA
Arthur Kornberg United States
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
Peter Medawar United Kingdom
1961 Georg von Békésy United States discovery of the physical mechanism of stimulation in the cochlea of the ear
1962 Francis Crick United Kingdom discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid and its significance for information transfer in living material
James Watson United States
Maurice Wilkins United Kingdom / New Zealand
1963 Sir John Eccles Australia research into the ionic mechanism of nerve transmission
Alan L. Hodgkin United Kingdom
Andrew F. Huxley United Kingdom
1964 Konrad Bloch United States research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
Feodor Lynen Germany
1965 François Jacob France research into the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
André Lwoff France
Jacques Monod France
1966 Peyton Rous United States discovery of viruses that induce tumours
Charles B. Huggins United States discoveries relating to the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer
1967 Ragnar Granit Sweden research into the physiological and chemical mechanism of vision in the eye
Haldan K. Hartline United States
George Wald United States
1968 Robert W. Holley United States interpretation of the genetic code and its function protein synthesis
H. Gobind Khorana United States
Marshall W. Nirenberg United States
1969 Max Delbrück United States research into the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses"
Alfred D. Hershey United States
Salvador E. Luria United States
1970 Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom work on neurotransmitters
Ulf von Euler Sweden
Julius Axelrod United States
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. United States research into the mechanisms of action of hormones, especially epinephrine via cyclic AMP
1972 Gerald M. Edelman United States discoveries in the chemical structure of antibodies
Rodney R. Porter United Kingdom
1973 Karl von Frisch Germany discoveries in the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
Konrad Lorenz Austria
Nikolaas Tinbergen United Kingdom
1974 Albert Claude Belgium research into the structure and functional organisation of the cell
Christian de Duve Belgium
George E. Palade United States
1975 David Baltimore United States research into the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
Renato Dulbecco United States
Howard M. Temin United States
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg United States research into new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious disease
D. Carleton Gajdusek United States
1977 Roger Guillemin United States work on peptide hormones produced in the brain"
Andrew V. Schally United States
Rosalyn Yalow United States development of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones
1978 Werner Arber Switzerland discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to molecular biology
Daniel Nathans United States
Hamilton O. Smith United States
1979 Allan M. Cormack United States development of computer assisted tomography
Godfrey N. Hounsfield United Kingdom
1980 Baruj Benacerraf United States research into the genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunlogical reactions
Jean Dausset France
George D. Snell United States
1981 Roger W. Sperry United States research on the functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres
David H. Hubel United States work on information processing in the visual system
Torsten N. Wiesel Sweden
1982 Sune K. Bergström Sweden discoveries relating to prostaglandins
Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden
John R. Vane United Kingdom
1983 Barbara McClintock United States discovery of mobile genetic elements
1984 Niels K. Jerne Denmark theories on the development and control of the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies
Georges J. F. Köhler Germany
César Milstein Argentina / United Kingdom
1985 Michael S. Brown United States research on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
Joseph L. Goldstein United States
1986 Stanley Cohen United States discovery of growth factors
Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy/United States
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan discovery of the genetic principle of antibody diversity
1988 Sir James W. Black United Kingdom discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
Gertrude B. Elion United States
George H. Hitchings United States
1989 J. Michael Bishop United States discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
Harold E. Varmus United States
1990 Joseph E. Murray United States work on organ and cell transplantation
E. Donnall Thomas United States
1991 Erwin Neher Germany research on single ion channels in cells
Bert Sakmann Germany
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland/United States for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes
Edwin G. Krebs United States
1993 Richard J. Roberts United Kingdom discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence
Phillip A. Sharp United States
1994 Alfred G. Gilman United States discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells
Martin Rodbell United States
1995 Edward B. Lewis United States research into the genetic control of early embryonic development
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus United States
1996 Peter C. Doherty Australia research into the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner United States discovery of prions
1998 Robert F. Furchgott United States elucidating nitric oxide's role as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
Louis J. Ignarro United States
Ferid Murad United States
1999 Günter Blobel United States discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
2000 Arvid Carlsson Sweden discoveries relating to signal transduction in the nervous system
Paul Greengard United States
Eric R. Kandel United States
2001 Leland H. Hartwell United States discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle
R. Timothy Hunt United Kingdom
Sir Paul M. Nurse United Kingdom
2002 Sydney Brenner United Kingdom research into the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
H. Robert Horvitz United States
John E. Sulston United Kingdom
2003 Paul C. Lauterbur United States discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
Sir Peter Mansfield United Kingdom
2004 Richard Axel United States discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
Linda B. Buck United States
2005 Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
J. Robin Warren Australia
2006 Andrew Z. Fire United States discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
Craig C. Mello United States
2007 Mario R. Capecchi United States discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
Sir Martin J. Evans United Kingdom
Oliver Smithies United States

Notes

  1. ↑ As given by the Nobel Foundation at the time of the award, which is not necessarily the same as the location of research or birthplace.
  2. ↑ Banting shared his part of the prize with his co-worker Charles Best

Source

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize/Catalogs/Physiology_or_Medicine&oldid=198880"