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Doctor Who

British science-fiction drama series

First broadcasts

23rd November 1963 (original series) 12th May 1996 (TV movie) 26th March 2005 (new series)

Creators

Sydney Newman Donald Wilson C. E. Webber

1960s-1990s

Starring

William Hartnell • Patrick Troughton Jon Pertwee • Tom Baker Peter Davison • Colin Baker Sylvester McCoy • Paul McGann

2000s-

Starring

Christopher Eccleston • David Tennant Matt Smith

Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television series which was relaunched in 2005 following its original 26-year run on the BBC, plus a 1996 television movie. On television and in other media, it features the adventures of a time traveller known as the 'Doctor', who journeys through time and space, righting wrongs and fighting injustice, often accompanied by friends known to fans as 'companions'.

The programme has lasted since 1963 partly because the Doctor, who has an alien physiology, is able to 'regenerate' himself when badly injured, allowing the lead actor to be recast. As of 2010, eleven actors have played the Doctor on television, with others appearing in unofficial or alternative productions. His time machine, the TARDIS, is famously disguised as an old British police box and is bigger on the inside than out; some well-known adversaries include the Daleks - mutants inside pepperpot-shaped casings - and the Cybermen.

The 2010 series is executive-produced by Stephen Moffat, with Matt Smith in the lead role. Currently, Doctor Who appears to have won a new generation of followers of varying ages: the UK children's magazine show Blue Peter, for example, reported that their 'Design a Doctor Who Monster' competition received the largest number of entries for any such event since 1993.

History

1960s

In the early 1960s, Doctor Who was the eventual product of a desire within the BBC to bring science fiction to the small screen. Something was needed to plug a gap in the Saturday early evening schedules of sport and music programmes; Doctor Who was created Sydney Newman, Donald Wilson and C.E. Webber, and produced by the BBC's drama department as a family viewing, intended to be educational and exciting. Time travel as a premise of the series would allow a balance of historical settings and space adventure, with the characters facing danger alongside both aliens and figures of history. With Verity Lambert - then the BBC's youngest and only female producer - at the helm, William Hartnell was cast as the grandfatherly, enigmatic 'Doctor' and the series was first shown on 23rd November 1963.

Doctor Who initially endured a rough ride, though audiences seemed positive on the whole. The series was over-budget, with money being clawed back gradually through Lambert's stewardship, and forces within the BBC were unhappy that the Drama Department were responsible for a programme that they felt would find a more appropriate home at the BBC. The series was only intended to run for a few episodes, but all that changed with the second serial - The Daleks. Terry Nation's script ushered in the mid-sixties 'Dalekmania' craze, with millions of children and not a few older viewers taking the evil Daleks to heart. The Daleks secured the show's future, and over time, appeared more regularly both in the series and in two cinematic productions starring Peter Cushing. More aliens appeared in the programme, and as the years rolled by, the 'pure historical' serials dwindled as successive production teams took the TARDIS further out into time and space.

By 1966, changes were afoot as audience ratings began to decline. Hartnell was ill and had become increasingly difficult to deal with. If the show was to survive, a new lead actor was required, raising the problem of how to recast the Doctor. Several ideas were suggested, but ultimately the concept of a mysterious 'renewal' process, explained as part of the TARDIS, was shown to change the Doctor's physical appearance and, to some extent, his personality. Patrick Troughton first appeared as the Doctor in 1966; over the next few weeks, it became clear that audiences were warming to his portrayal of the Doctor as a dishevelled figure with a determination to overcome the terrors of the universe, and the series entered its so-called 'Monster Era', with more alien creatures appearing.

1969 saw Troughton's departure, and another radical change for the series. Under producer Derrick Sherwin, the series moved to an Earth-based background where the Doctor would be aided by a military organisation known as the 'United Nations Intelligence Taskforce' (UNIT). Stories set in a near-future Earth - actually, for the most part the south of England - were cheaper to produce and would involve higher production values, especially during the transition to colour programming. Troughton's final episode saw the Doctor captured and put on trial by his own people, accused of meddling the affairs of other races. The 'Time Lords', from whom it was revealed the Doctor fled due to boredom, exiled the Doctor to Earth and imposed another change of appearance.

1970s

The early 1970s saw the first episodes of Doctor Who broadcast in colour - a move which certainly suited the flamboyant third Doctor, played by Jon Pertwee as something of a dandy. This incarnation would emphasises the Doctor's love of technological wizardry and high-powered vehicles - aspects which drew much on the interests of Pertwee himself. However, the production team, headed by Barry Letts and script editor Terrance Dicks, found the UNIT format too restrictive, and so steered the Doctor's adventures to ever-lengthier forays back out into time and space.

In 1974, Pertwee moved on, and was succeeded by Tom Baker, then the youngest actor to take on the part. At 40, Baker would go on to become the best-remembered Doctor to date, playing the role for a record seven years and depicting the Doctor as a more 'bohemian' figure, usually clad in a long coat, wide-brimmed hat and trademark scarf. Over time, the character varied from a darker personality given to sombre moods, to a lighter portrayal which injected much humour into the series, especially when Douglas Adams script-edited the programme in the late 1970s. By this time, Doctor Who was a mainstay of Saturday-evening entertainment, regularly pulling in over ten million viewers a week. Change, as ever, was just around the corner.

1980s

John Nathan-Turner became the producer of Doctor Who in 1980, at the time of Baker's final season. 'JN-T' would go on to produce the programme right through the 1980s, and became the source of much fan comment due to an increasingly controversial style. In 1981, he cast the well-known actor Peter Davison as Baker's successor - at the time, the youngest ever at 29 - and oversaw the Doctor's transformation into a more 'human' persona that evidenced a love of cricket - as evidenced by his outfit - and a more 'vulnerable' character that was far from infallible. Nathan-Turner was determined to court the series' fans by bringing back old adversaries, and also introduced more unconventional companions that were a sharp contrast with the mostly female, human occupants that until then had made up the majority of TARDIS travellers.

Davison would ultimately decide that three years was enough, and Nathan-Turner again had to find a replacement, casting Colin Baker, until then best-known for playing television villains. Baker debuted in 1984, playing a loud and unashamedly arrogant sixth Doctor, and would ultimately complete only two seasons. The BBC considered Doctor Who vulnerable against competition on other channels, and possibly too violent, though Michael Grade,　then the Controller of BBC One, would later admit a personal dislike of the show. Creative differences between Nathan-Turner and his script editor, Eric Saward, reached a low point at this stage. Doctor Who was 'suspended' in 1985, but a fan campaign backed up by the media ensured its return after 18 months. However, senior management were determined to implement change: Baker was sacked, and Nathan-Turner was forced to cast his third leading man.

1987 saw the return of the series with the little-known Sylvester McCoy in the role. McCoy's portrayal took some time to settle down as the actor gradually became settled into the role, at a time when behind-the-scenes strikes were taking their toll on production. McCoy's early clownish seventh Doctor became much darker and manipulative under the direction of script editor Andrew Cartmel; this era of the show also encouraged young and inexperienced writers, leading to some of the most innovative but controversial stories of the original series. By 1989, however, ratings had declined once more, and this time no media campaign backed the series when it was quietly killed off after 26 years.

1990s

Doctor Who survived throughout the 1990s as a series of original novels produced by Virgin Publishing, and later the BBC. In 1996, the Doctor returned to the small screen in a U.S.-backed TV movie which saw McCoy hand over to Paul McGann. The production fared well among UK audiences, but was poorly scheduled in North America and ultimately it failed to go to a series. McGann's Doctor, who was revealed to be half-human, was a gentler figure than his predecessor, often struck by amnesia; his adventures continued in print, on radio and in comics into the twenty-first century.

2000s-

Following the programme's 1989 cancellation and failure of the 1996 TV movie to secure a new series, the rights to make Doctor Who remained outside the reach of BBC programme-makers. The return of the show in 2005 was largely due to the persistence of the Controller of BBC One, Lorraine Heggessey, who finally won the rights to the series from the corporation's commercial arm, BBC Worldwide. The lack of support for further films finally convinced the BBC that an in-house series was the best way to secure the future of the programme.. The 'new series' retained the TARDIS and other key features of the original 'classic series', rather than being a fundamentally new spin-off. Going into production in 2004, it was executive-produced by writer Russell T. Davies and BBC Wales Head of Drama/BBC Television Controller of Drama Commissioning Julie Gardner. Davies had contributed to a range of Doctor Who novels published in the interim years, so brought a love of the programme to the new series, as well as considerable television scriptwriting experience. Davies cast the highly-experienced actor Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor, leaving the circumstances of his latest regeneration unclear. Eccleston, however, declined to appear in a second run of 13 45-minute adventures, along with a Christmas special, leading Davies to cast David Tennant as the tenth Doctor.

After four series and several specials, Davies left the programme in the hands of frequent writer for the series Stephen Moffat, who is executive producer from series five onwards. With David Tennant also leaving the series in 2010, the fifth season of the programme introduces a new actor playing the Doctor, Matt Smith.

Characters

The Doctor

The Doctor is the main character in the series: various aspects of his character and past have been revealed, but much remains mysterious. Even his name remains an enigma; 'Who' is certainly not his real name (An Unearthly Child, 1963), though he has occasionally used it as a pseudonym, especially when translated into other languages (e.g. The Underwater Menace, 1967). The Doctor's real name is something he could reveal "only one time" (Forest of the Dead, 2008). As for his pseudonym, various explanations have been presented over the years, such as the Doctor obtaining various doctorates (e.g. The Armageddon Factor, 1978). It is unclear whether he is a medical doctor or not, and early on he referred to himself as a scientist and engineer, "a builder of things" (The Aztecs, 1964).

Over the course of the series' first few years, it becomes clear that the Doctor is not a human being, though in the 1990s and later, it was shown that he may have some human roots (Doctor Who, 1996), and that he is also able to become human (Human Nature, 2007). First shown travelling with his grand-daughter, Susan (An Unearthly Child, 1963), the programme has given but a few hints about what other family he might have had: the new series has mentioned a brother (Smith & Jones, 2007) and that he was a father (Fear Her, 2006), and the 1996 film revealed that his mother was human. From 1969's The War Games, the Doctor's　own people, the Time Lords, appeared regularly in the show, but in the 2005 series it was revealed that they had been destroyed in a 'Time War' with the Daleks, the Doctor's greatest adversary. Other aspects of the Doctor's life remain less clear. Occasionally, there are suggestions of romantic feelings towards others, e.g. Reinette in the 2006 adventure The Girl in the Fireplace, and his companions Grace (Doctor Who, 1996) and Rose (2005-2008), but his personal relationships are never humanlike. For much of the series, the relationships with his companions were purely platonic.

The Doctor's physiology is rather different from humans; Spearhead from Space (1970) reveals he has two hearts, for example, and he is also capable of physical and mental feats beyond those of an ordinary human. The most spectacular of these, first shown at the conclusion of 1966's The Tenth Planet, is his ability to 'regenerate' - what he calls a "renewal" (The Power of the Daleks, 1966) or a trick for "cheating death" (The Parting of the Ways, 2005). In the latter story, for example, with the Doctor's body fatally injured in the course of saving his companion's life, she and the viewer witness a tremendous burst of energy released from his body, and his features melt into those of a new individual - the Doctor's tenth incarnation, portrayed by David Tennant. It is quickly established that this new person is the same character, physically different and with some new personality quirks, but still the same adventurer (The Christmas Invasion, 2006). Earlier stories established that this ability is limited to twelve regenerations (e.g. The Deadly Assassin, 1977; Mawdryn Undead, 1983), though in The War Games (1969), the Doctor stated that Time Lords could live forever. The new series is yet to indicate whether the Doctor's lives are running out.

Companions

The Doctor rarely travels the universe alone, and many of his friends or 'companions' have shared his adventures over the years. The very first, Susan, was actually his grand-daughter, with her two human teachers completing the first TARDIS crew from 1963 after they followed her home to an old police box in the very first episode, An Unearthly Child. Through curiosity, being rescued or taking up an offer to see the universe, many others followed over the years. In the 1970s, the Doctor was 'exiled' to Earth by his own people for a time, and became a reluctant member of UNIT, a special taskforce set up to counter alien threats. This 'UNIT family' memorably included Nicholas Courtney as its commanding officer, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. Other well-remembered companions of the 1970s included the accident-prone UNIT agent Jo Grant (Katy Manning), the leather-clad savage Leela (Louise Jameson), and Sarah Jane Smith, played by Elisabeth Sladen in the original series, the new series and two spin-off productions of 1981 and 2007 onwards.

From 2005 onwards, the Doctor is initially travelling alone, but former London shop assistant Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) joins him at the close of the opening adventure, with others appearing later. Though the relationship between the Doctor and Rose is initially rocky, they come to trust and rely on each other through experience; her departure in 2006's Doomsday seemed to affect the Doctor deeply.

In terms of programme-making, the idea of having a companion is to provide a surrogate with whom the audience can identify and to further the story by asking questions and getting into trouble. Any kind of intimate relationship is out, though the 1996 film included the Doctor's first on-screen kisses, and the new series seems to have established a tradition that the Doctor must have romantic involvement each year; so far, the kisses have kept coming.

Villains

In Doctor Who, the universe is a dangerous place. A frequently occurring theme is that of various alien races attempting to conquer the Earth or otherwise threatening the human race, only to be foiled by the Doctor. Perhaps the best-known example of this in the new series concerns the attempts of the Slitheen family to take over the planet and sell it for scrap (Aliens of London and World War Three, 2005). Other villians appearing include the Master (a fellow, evil Time Lord returning from the original series in 2007), the Cybermen (in the 2006 series) and Cassandra, the last human being alive five billion years in the future The End of the World, 2005; New Earth, 2006).

Best-known villains in the series and wider UK culture are the 'Daleks', mutants inside metallic pepperpot-like casings equipped with a gun and an appendage not unlike a sink plunger. Envisaged as representing the Nazis, their best-known characteristic is frequently screaming "Exterminate!" at anything un-Dalek prior to destroying anything that gets in their way of eliminating all life other than that which is Dalek. They have appeared several times in the new series, firstly in Dalek (2005), where it appears that only one individual had survived a previous encounter with their nemesis, the Doctor - known in Skaroene lore as 'The Oncoming Storm' (The Parting of the Ways, 2005). The Daleks have made more regular appearances in the relaunched programme than in the original 1963-1989 series, returning at least once a year.

Format

For most of its 1963-1989 run, Doctor Who was broadcast in 25-minute episodes, with few exceptions: the series experimented with 45-minute episodes in the mid-1980s. Initially the programme ran for most of the year, with only a few weeks' break between seasons (and if the programme was repeated in the interim, it would effectively be shown year-round). Over the decades, the number of episodes each year was reduced; about 26 was the norm for some years, though by the end of the 1980s this had fallen to 14. Long stories of six or more episodes thus became a thing of the past; the majority of stories consisted of four episodes. From 1966, each story had only one title, but originally individual episodes had separate titles, leading to considerable fan debate over what the overall titles for some of these early serials are. The very first story, for instance, is commonly known and marketed by the BBC as An Unearthly Child, which strictly speaking was only the title of the very first episode. Internal production documents have led some fans to conclude that the 'true' title is 100,000 BC.

Episodes of 'new series' Doctor Who run for about 45 minutes, except for special Christmas adventures broadcast between series. Two-part episodes have separate titles. From series two, the regular characters have been largely absent from one or more episodes so the leads can concentrate on filming others; this led to criticism of the first 'Doctor-lite' adventure, 2006's Love and Monsters.

Music and titles

The theme music for Doctor Who changed little for the first 17 years of the original series's run: composed by Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, this example of electronic music played over the original series titles, which were achieved using a howl-round visual effect. The final result served as a memorable introduction to each episode, and has survived into the twenty-first-century series theme and titles, which represent the space-time vortex through which the TARDIS travels. This series's music was arranged by Murray Gold, whose predecessors on the original series included Peter Howell, who created a faster, more dramatic version for the period 1980-1985; Dominic Glynn (1986); and Keff McCulloch (1987-1989). The 1996 film also had new theme music.

Spin-offs and alternative adventures

The original series had only one spin-off, which did not survive beyond its 1981 pilot. K-9 and Company starred Elisabeth Sladen and John Leeson, reprising their roles as former companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9 (a robot dog voiced by Leeson). The new series has seen two spin-off dramas, Torchwood (2006-), starring John Barrowman, and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007-) starring Elisabeth Sladen with occasional appearances by K9, once again voiced by John Leeson. Like Sladen and Leeson, Barrowman appeared as a 'companion' in Doctor Who itself, starring as Captain Jack Harkness from 2005's The Empty Child onwards. Torchwood sees Harkness leading a team trying to prevent alien incursions via a 'time rift' running through present day Cardiff, while the Sarah Jane Adventures follows the adventures of investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith. The latter production aired on Children's BBC with an intended audience of younger fans, while Torchwood was presented as a post-9pm 'adult' take on the affairs of the Doctor Who universe. Enthusiasm from children, however, later saw a cut version also broadcast. Torchwood returned for a second series in 2008, followed by a BBC Radio 4 play that year. The 2009 series comprises five episodes shown over one week.

Several shorter adventures have also appeared as part of charity events and the Proms, a long-standing evening of music at the Royal Albert Hall. 2005 saw the immediate aftermath of the Doctor's regeneration into the form of David Tennant broadcast as part of the long-running charity event Children in Need. Similarly, a second short Children in Need adventure, Time Crash (2007), contributed to the series' continuity. These were in sharp contrast to a previous Children in Need adventure for the Doctors, 1993's Dimensions in Time. Likewise, the Stephen-Moffat-penned Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death (1999), which ran as part of the Comic Relief charity event, is regarded as a spoof.

The Doctor also appeared in The Music of the Spheres as part of the 2008 Proms, in an 'interactive' adventure which saw the TARDIS linked to the Royal Albert Hall via a hole in time and space through which an evil 'Graske' emerged to threaten the audience. This was the Graske's second appearance in what has become a significant run of extra adventures available on digital channels or the internet, the first being Attack of the Graske in 2005. Series two's web-only TARDISodes, which comprised short prequels to broadcast stories, did not return again, however and likewise the quiz show for young fans, Totally Doctor Who, was ultimately not renewed.

Films, plays, radio, video and web dramas, novels

In the 1960s, Terry Nation was unable to launch a U.S. spin-off series starring his creations, the Daleks, but they twice appeared on the big screen. Two televised adventures of Doctor Who were remade for the cinema: Doctor Who and the Daleks (1965) and Daleks: Invasion Earth 2150AD (1966) starred Peter Cushing as 'Doctor Who', an elderly human scientist who had invented a time machine. These two films, which were not part of the television series's continuity, did well at a time when 'Dalekmania' was at its height; as enthusiasm for the exterminating aliens waned, however, the Daleks made no further assaults on the box office.

A stage play, Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday, starring Trevor Martin as an alternative fourth Doctor, played in the early 1970s, and another theatrical adventure, this time featuring Doctors from the television series, appeared as The Ultimate Adventure in 1989. Jon Pertwee reprised his role for the play's first run - with David Banks understudying - and a further run of shows featured Colin Baker returning to the role. Baker and his co-star on the original series, Nicola Bryant, also appeared in a Doctor Who radio drama, Slipback, in 1985.

Many of the original stars of the series appeared as different characters - some rather similar to their Doctor Who personas - in several fan-produced video dramas in the 1990s. More recently, they have starred in officially-licensed audio dramas by Big Finish, some of which have aired on the digital radio station BBC 7. The BBC produced original adventures for the Doctor on its website, notably The Scream of the Shalka (2003), starring Richard E. Grant, who for a time was publicised as the "Ninth Doctor" prior to Christopher Eccleston's first television appearance. Meanwhile, a series of original novels saw Doctors past and present battling adversaries old and new first for Virgin Publishing in their New Adventures series (1991-1997), then BBC Books (1997-).

Spoofs

The BBC itself produced two spoofs of Doctor Who for charity. in 1993 Children in Need featured Dimensions in Time, which featured a crossover with several incarnations of the Doctor meeting characters from the British soap opera Eastenders, which was publicised as a "pantomime" and is no considered 'canon' by fans. In 1999, Red Nose Day featured the comedy Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death.