Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion

(PD) Photo: National Park Service
Flue gas emissions from a conventional coal-fired power plant in New Mexico.

Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion refers to the emissions of combustion product flue gas resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.

Most fossil fuels are combusted with ambient air (as differentiated from combustion with pure oxygen) and this article is based on the use of ambient air as the combustion air.

Discussion of flue gas components

Since ambient air contains about 79 volume percent gaseous nitrogen (N₂), which is essentially non-combustible, the largest part of the flue gas from most fossil fuel combustion is uncombusted nitrogen. The next largest part of the flue gas is carbon dioxide (CO₂) which can be as much as 10 to 15 volume percent or more of the flue gas. This is closely followed in volume by water vapor (H₂0) created by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel with atmospheric oxygen. Much of the 'smoke' seen exiting from flue gas stacks is this water vapor forming a fog cloud as it contacts cool air and condenses into water.

Flue gas pollutants

A typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels will also contain some very small amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter. The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel. The sulfur dioxide is derived from any sulfur-containing compounds in the fuels. The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance.

Calculated flue gas emissions from burning fossil fuels

The steam generators in large power plants and the process furnaces in large petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and incinerators burn very considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. The table below presents the total amounts of flue gas typically generated by the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, fuel oil and coal. The data in the table were obtained by stoichiometric calculations.

It is of interest to note that the total amount of wet flue gas generated by coal combustion is only 10 percent higher than the flue gas generated by natural gas combustion, but the total amount of dry flue gas generated by coal combustion is about 22 percent higher than the flue gas generated by natural gas combustion. This is due to the fact that burning natural gas produces more water vapor than does the burning of coal since the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of natural gas is higher than that of coal.

However, what may be of more interest is that the amount of CO₂ emitted by coal combustion is about 1.7 times the amount emitted by natural gas combustion.

EXHAUST FLUE GAS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS (In SI metric units and in U.S. customary units)

Combustion Data	Fuel Gas	Fuel Oil	Coal
Fuel properties: Gross caloric value, MJ / Nm³   [see (1) below] Gross heating value, Btu / scf   [see (2) below] Gross caloric value, MJ / kg Gross heating value, Btu / gallon Gross caloric value, MJ / kg Gross heating value, Btu / pound Molecular weight Specific gravity Gravity, °API Carbon / hydrogen ratio by weight weight % carbon weight % hydrogen weight % oxygen weight % sulfur weight % nitrogen weight % ash weight % moisture Combustion air: Excess combustion air % Wet exhaust flue gas: Amount of wet exhaust gas, Nm³/ GJ of fuel Amount of wet exhaust gas, scf / 106 Btu of fuel CO2 in wet exhaust gas, volume % O2 in wet exhaust gas, volume % Molecular weight of wet exhaust gas Dry exhaust flue gas: Amount of dry exhaust gas, Nm³/GJ of fuel Amount of dry exhaust gas, scf / 106 Btu of fuel CO2 in dry exhaust gas, volume % O2 in dry exhaust gas, volume % Molecular weight of dry exhaust gas CO2 emissions, Nm³/GJ of fuel CO2 emissions, scf / 106 Btu of fuel	43.01 1,093         18                       12   294.8 11,600 8.8 2.0 27.7   241.6 9,510 10.8 2.5 29.9 26 1,027	43.50 150,000       0.9626 15.5 8.1                 15   303.1 11,930 12.4 2.6 29.0   269.3 10,600 14.0 2.9 30.4 38 1,484	25.92 11,150         61.2 4.3 7.4 3.9 1.2 12.0 10.0   20   323.1 12,714 13.7 3.4 29.5   293.6 11,554 15.0 3.7 30.7 44 1,733
(1) Normal cubic metres (Nm³) are at 0 °C and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa. (2) Standard cubic feet (scf) are at 60 °F and an absolute pressure of 14.696 psi.