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{{subpages}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| color = pink
| name = ''Vipera''
| name = ''Vipera''
| image = Vipera-aspis-aspis-1.jpg
| regnum = Animalia
| image_caption = Asp viper, ''[[Vipera aspis|V. aspis]]''
| phylum = Chordata
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| subphylum = Vertebrata
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = Reptilia
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| ordo = Squamata
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| subordo = Serpentes
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| familia = Viperidae
| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Viperidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]]
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]]
| genus = '''''Vipera'''''
| genus = '''''Vipera'''''
| genus_authority = [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], [[1768]]
| genus_authority = Laurenti, 1768
| synonyms = * ''Vipera'' - Laurenti, 1768
| synonyms = * ''Vipera'' - Laurenti, 1768
* ''Pelias'' - Merrem, 1820
* ''Pelias'' - Merrem, 1820
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}}
}}


'''Common names:''' [[Palaearctic]] vipers,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eurasian vipers.<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
'''Common names:''' Palaearctic vipers,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eurasian vipers.<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
 
&nbsp;<br/>
 
&nbsp;<br/>
'''''Vipera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Viperinae|viper]]s. It has a very wide range, being found from from [[North Africa]] to just withing the [[Arctic Circle]] and from the [[British Isles]] to [[Pacific]] [[Asia]].<ref name="Mal03"/> 23 [[species]] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=202180|taxon=Vipera|year=2006|date=13 August}}</ref>
'''''Vipera''''' is a genus of venomous [[Viperinae|viper]]s. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from the British Isles to Pacific Asia.<ref name="Mal03"/> 23 species are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202180 ''Vipera'' (TSN 202180)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 23 March 2007.</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, the anal scale is divided and the subcaudals paired.<ref name="Mal03"/>
Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The [[dorsal scales]] are strongly keeled, the [[anal scale]] is divided and the [[subcaudals]] paired.<ref name="Mal03"/>


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range==
They can be found in [[Great Britain]] and nearly all of continental [[Europe]], on some small islands of the [[Mediterranean]] ([[Elba]], [[Montecristo]], [[Sicily]]) and the [[Aegean Sea]], as well as in [[northern Africa]] in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]. It also occurs across the [[Arctic Circle]] and eastwards though [[northern Asia]] to [[Sakhalin Island]] and northern [[Korea]]. <ref name="McD99"/>
They can be found in Great Britain and nearly all of continental Europe, on some small islands of the Mediterranean (Elba, Montecristo, Sicily) and the Aegean Sea, as well as in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It also occurs across the Arctic Circle and eastwards though northern Asia to Sakhalin Island and northern Korea. <ref name="McD99"/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
Line 46: Line 46:


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
All species are [[terrestrial animal |terrestrial]].<ref name="Mal03"/>
All species are terrestrial.<ref name="Mal03"/>


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
All members are [[viviparous]], giving birth to live young.<ref name="Mal03"/>
All members are viviparous, giving birth to live young.<ref name="Mal03"/>


==Venom==
==Venom==
Most ''Vipera'' species have venom that contains both [[Neurotoxin|neurotoxic]] and [[Hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as ''[[Vipera berus|V. berus]]'', have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as ''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]'', are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from ''Vipera'' species are rarely as severe as those from larger ''[[Macrovipera]]'' or ''[[Daboia]]''.<ref name="Mal03"/>
Most ''Vipera'' species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and hemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as ''[[Vipera berus|V. berus]]'', have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as ''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]'', are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from ''Vipera'' species are rarely as severe as those from larger ''[[Macrovipera]]'' or ''[[Daboia]]''.<ref name="Mal03"/>


==Species==
==Species==
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|-
|-
|style="width:13%"|''[[Vipera albicornuta|V. albicornuta]]''
|style="width:13%"|''[[Vipera albicornuta|V. albicornuta]]''
|[[Göran Nilson|Nilson]] & [[C. Andrén|Andrén]], [[1985]]
|Nilson & Andrén, 1985
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Iranian mountain viper
|Iranian mountain viper
|style="width:35%"|The [[Zanjan]] Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern [[Iran]].
|style="width:35%"|The Zanjan Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern Iran.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera albizona|V. albizona]]''
|''[[Vipera albizona|V. albizona]]''
|Nilson, Andrén & [[B. Flärdh|Flärdh]], [[1990]]
|Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Central Turkish mountain viper
|Central Turkish mountain viper
|Central [[Turkey]].
|Central Turkey.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]''
|''[[Vipera ammodytes|V. ammodytes]]''
|([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
|(Linnaeus, 1758)
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|4
|Horned viper
|Horned viper
|North-eastern [[Italy]], southern [[Slovakia]], western [[Hungry]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Greece]] (including [[Macedonia]] and [[Cyclades]]), [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], Turkey, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Syria]].
|North-eastern Italy, southern Slovakia, western Hungry, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece (including Macedonia and Cyclades), Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Syria.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera aspis|V. aspis]]''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>
|''[[Vipera aspis|V. aspis]]''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>
Line 84: Line 84:
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|4
|Asp viper
|Asp viper
|[[France]], [[Andorra]], northeastern [[Spain]], extreme southwestern [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Monaco]], the islands of [[Elba]] and [[Montecristo]], [[Sicily]], Italy, [[San Marino]] and northwestern Slovenia.
|France, Andorra, northeastern Spain, extreme southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, the islands of Elba and Montecristo, Sicily, Italy, San Marino and northwestern Slovenia.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera barani|V. barani]]''
|''[[Vipera barani|V. barani]]''
|[[W. Böhme|Böhme]] & [[U. Joger|Joger]], [[1984]]
|Böhme & Joger, 1984
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Baran's adder
|Baran's adder
Line 96: Line 96:
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|Common European adder
|Common European adder
|From [[western Europe]] ([[Great Britain]], [[Scandinavia]], France) across [[Central Europe|central]] (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and [[eastern Europe]] to north of the [[Arctic Circle]], and [[Russia]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], [[Sakhalin Island]], [[North Korea]], northern [[Mongolia]] and northern [[China]].
|From western Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia, France) across central (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin Island, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera bornmuelleri|V. bornmuelleri]]''
|''[[Vipera bornmuelleri|V. bornmuelleri]]''
|[[Franz Werner|Werner]], [[1898]]
|Werner, 1898
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Bornmuellers viper
|Bornmuellers viper
|[[Golan Heights]], southern [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].
|Golan Heights, southern Lebanon and Syria.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera bulgardaghica|V. bulgardaghica]]''
|''[[Vipera bulgardaghica|V. bulgardaghica]]''
Line 108: Line 108:
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Bulgardagh viper
|Bulgardagh viper
|The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, [[Niğde Province|Nigde Province]], south central [[Anatolia]], Turkey.
|The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, Nigde Province, south central Anatolia, Turkey.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera darevskii|V. darevskii]]''
|''[[Vipera darevskii|V. darevskii]]''
|[[V.J. Vedmederja|Vedmederja]], [[N.L. Orlov|Orlov]] & [[B.S. Tuniyev|Tuniyev]], [[1986]]
|Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Darevsky's viper
|Darevsky's viper
|The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in [[Armenia]] and adjacent areas in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
|The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in Armenia and adjacent areas in Georgia.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera dinniki|V. dinniki]]''
|''[[Vipera dinniki|V. dinniki]]''
|[[A.M. Nikolsky|Nikolsky]], [[1913]]
|Nikolsky, 1913
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Dinnik's viper
|Dinnik's viper
|Russia ([[Caucasus Mountains|Great Caucasus]]) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the [[Inguri|Inguri River]]), eastward to [[Azerbaijan]].
|Russia (Great Caucasus) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the Inguri River), eastward to Azerbaijan.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera kaznakovi|V. kaznakovi]]''
|''[[Vipera kaznakovi|V. kaznakovi]]''
|Nikolsky, [[1909]]
|Nikolsky, 1909
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Caucasus viper
|Caucasus viper
|Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern [[Black Sea]] coast.
|Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast).
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera latastei|V. latastei]]''
|''[[Vipera latastei|V. latastei]]''
|[[E. Bosca|Bosca]], [[1878]]
|Bosca, 1878
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|Lataste's viper
|Lataste's viper
|Extreme southwestern [[Europe]] (France, [[Portugal]] and Spain) and northwestern [[Africa]] (the [[Mediterranean]] region of [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]).
|Extreme southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa (the Mediterranean region of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera latifii|V. latifii]]''
|''[[Vipera latifii|V. latifii]]''
|[[R. Mertens|Mertens]], [[I.S. Darevsky|Darevsky]] & [[K. Klemmer|Klemmer]], [[1967]]
|Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Latifi's viper
|Latifi's viper
|Iran: upper Lar Valley in the [[Elburz Mountains]].
|Iran: upper Lar Valley in the Elburz Mountains.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera lotievi|V. lotievi]]''
|''[[Vipera lotievi|V. lotievi]]''
|Nilson et al., [[1995]]
|Nilson et al., 1995
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Caucasian meadow viper
|Caucasian meadow viper
|The higher range of the [[Greater Caucasus|Big Caucasus]]: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
|The higher range of the Big Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera monticola|V. monticola]]''
|''[[Vipera monticola|V. monticola]]''
|[[H. Saint-Girons|Saint-Girons]], [[1954]]
|Saint-Girons, 1954
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Atlas mountain viper
|Atlas mountain viper
|[[High Atlas|High Atlas Mountains]], Morocco.
|High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera nikolskii|V. nikolskii]]''
|''[[Vipera nikolskii|V. nikolskii]]''
|[[V.I. Vedmederja|Vedmederja]], [[V.N. Grubant|Grubant]] & [[A.V. Rudajewa|Rudajewa]], 1986
|Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Nikolsky's viper
|Nikolsky's viper
|Central [[Ukraine]].
|Central Ukraine.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera palaestinae|V. palaestinae]]''
|''[[Vipera palaestinae|V. palaestinae]]''
|Werner, [[1938]]
|Werner, 1938
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Palestine viper
|Palestine viper
|Syria, [[Jordan]], [[Israel]] and Lebanon.
|Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera pontica|V. pontica]]''
|''[[Vipera pontica|V. pontica]]''
|[[H. Billing|Billing]], Nilson & [[U. Sattler|Sattler]], 1990
|Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Pontic adder
|Pontic adder
|Known only from the Coruh valley in [[Artvin Province]], northeastern Turkey.
|Known only from the Coruh valley in Artvin Province, northeastern Turkey.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera raddei|V. raddei]]''
|''[[Vipera raddei|V. raddei]]''
|[[Oskar Boettger|Boettger]], [[1890]]
|Boettger, 1890
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Rock viper
|Rock viper
|Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably [[Iraq]].
|Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraq.
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera seoanei|V. seoanei]]''
|''[[Vipera seoanei|V. seoanei]]''
|[[Fernand Lataste|Lataste]], [[1879]]
|Lataste, 1879
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|Baskian viper
|Baskian viper
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|-
|-
|''[[Vipera ursinii|V. ursinii]]''
|''[[Vipera ursinii|V. ursinii]]''
|([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], [[1835]])
|(Bonaparte, 1835)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Meadow viper
|Meadow viper
|Southeastern France, eastern [[Austria]] (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the [[Khazakstan]], [[Kirgizia]] and eastern [[Uzbekistan]] steppes to China ([[Xinjiang]]).
|Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera wagneri|V. wagneri]]''
|''[[Vipera wagneri|V. wagneri]]''
Line 195: Line 195:
|-
|-
|''[[Vipera xanthina|V. xanthina]]''
|''[[Vipera xanthina|V. xanthina]]''
|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1849]])
|(Gray, 1849)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Rock viper
|Rock viper
|Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of [[Simi]], [[Kos]], [[Kalimnos]], [[Leros]], Lipsos, [[Patmos]], [[Samos]], [[Chios]] and [[Lesbos]], [[European Turkey]], the western half of [[Anatolia]] (inland eastward to [[Kayseri]]), and islands (e.g. [[Chalki]], Kastellórizon <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Meis Adasi]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) of the Turkish mainland shelf.
|Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of Simi, Kos, Kalimnos, Leros, Lipsos, Patmos, Samos, Chios and Lesbos, European Turkey, the western half of Anatolia (inland eastward to Kayseri), and islands (e.g. Chalki, Kastellórizon [Meis Adasi]) of the Turkish mainland shelf.
|-
|-
|}
|}
''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).''<br>
''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).''<br>
<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) [[Type species]].
<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) Type species.
 


== See also ==
* [[List of viperine species and subspecies]].
* [[Snakebite]].


==Cited references==
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
<references/>
</div>
</div>
==External links==
* {{EMBL genus|genus=Vipera}}
* [http://www.herpbreeder.com/worldspecies/Snakes/vipers/vipera.htm ''Vipera''] at [http://www.herpbreeder.com/ Herpbreeder.com]. Accessed 26 September 2006.
[[Category:True vipers]]

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Vipera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Viperinae
Genus: Vipera
Laurenti, 1768
Synonyms
  • Vipera - Laurenti, 1768
  • Pelias - Merrem, 1820
  • Chersea - Fleming, 1822
  • Rhinaspis - Bonaparte, 1834
  • Rhinechis - Fitzinger, 1843
  • Echidnoides - Mauduyt, 1844
  • Mesocoronis - Reuss, 1927
  • Teleovipera - Reuss, 1927
  • Acridophaga - Reuss, 1927
  • Mesovipera - Reuss, 1927
  • Mesohoronis - Reuss, 1927
  • Mesohorinis - Reuss, 1927
  • Latastea - Reuss, 1929
  • Tzarevcsya - Reuss, 1929
  • Latasteopara - Reuss, 1935[1]

Common names: Palaearctic vipers,[2] Eurasian vipers.[3]  
 
Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from the British Isles to Pacific Asia.[2] 23 species are currently recognized.[4]

Description

Members are usually small and more or less stoutly built. The head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales in many species, although some have a few small plates on top. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, the anal scale is divided and the subcaudals paired.[2]

Geographic range

They can be found in Great Britain and nearly all of continental Europe, on some small islands of the Mediterranean (Elba, Montecristo, Sicily) and the Aegean Sea, as well as in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It also occurs across the Arctic Circle and eastwards though northern Asia to Sakhalin Island and northern Korea. [1]

Habitat

Most species prefer cooler environments. Those found at lower latitudes tend to prefer higher altitudes and dryer, rocky habitats, while the species that occur at more northern latitudes prefer lower elevations and environments that have more vegetation and moisture.[2]

Behavior

All species are terrestrial.[2]

Reproduction

All members are viviparous, giving birth to live young.[2]

Venom

Most Vipera species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and hemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. Smaller, northern species, such as V. berus, have only slightly less toxic venom, but inject very little. Others, such as V. ammodytes, are capable of injecting much more with devastating results. However, bites from Vipera species are rarely as severe as those from larger Macrovipera or Daboia.[2]

Species

Species[1] Authority[1] Subsp.* Common name Geographic range[1]
V. albicornuta Nilson & Andrén, 1985 0 Iranian mountain viper The Zanjan Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern Iran.
V. albizona Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990 0 Central Turkish mountain viper Central Turkey.
V. ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 Horned viper North-eastern Italy, southern Slovakia, western Hungry, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece (including Macedonia and Cyclades), Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Syria.
V. aspisT (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 Asp viper France, Andorra, northeastern Spain, extreme southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, the islands of Elba and Montecristo, Sicily, Italy, San Marino and northwestern Slovenia.
V. barani Böhme & Joger, 1984 0 Baran's adder Northwestern Turkey.
V. berus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 Common European adder From western Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia, France) across central (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin Island, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China.
V. bornmuelleri Werner, 1898 0 Bornmuellers viper Golan Heights, southern Lebanon and Syria.
V. bulgardaghica Nilson & Andrén, 1985 0 Bulgardagh viper The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, Nigde Province, south central Anatolia, Turkey.
V. darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986 0 Darevsky's viper The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in Armenia and adjacent areas in Georgia.
V. dinniki Nikolsky, 1913 0 Dinnik's viper Russia (Great Caucasus) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the Inguri River), eastward to Azerbaijan.
V. kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 0 Caucasus viper Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast).
V. latastei Bosca, 1878 1 Lataste's viper Extreme southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa (the Mediterranean region of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).
V. latifii Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967 0 Latifi's viper Iran: upper Lar Valley in the Elburz Mountains.
V. lotievi Nilson et al., 1995 0 Caucasian meadow viper The higher range of the Big Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
V. monticola Saint-Girons, 1954 0 Atlas mountain viper High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
V. nikolskii Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986 0 Nikolsky's viper Central Ukraine.
V. palaestinae Werner, 1938 0 Palestine viper Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
V. pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990 0 Pontic adder Known only from the Coruh valley in Artvin Province, northeastern Turkey.
V. raddei Boettger, 1890 0 Rock viper Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraq.
V. seoanei Lataste, 1879 1 Baskian viper Extreme southwestern France and the northern regions of Spain and Portugal.
V. ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835) 0 Meadow viper Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
V. wagneri Nilson & Andrén, 1984 0 Ocellated mountain viper The mountains of eastern Turkey and adjacent northwest Iran.
V. xanthina (Gray, 1849) 0 Rock viper Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of Simi, Kos, Kalimnos, Leros, Lipsos, Patmos, Samos, Chios and Lesbos, European Turkey, the western half of Anatolia (inland eastward to Kayseri), and islands (e.g. Chalki, Kastellórizon [Meis Adasi]) of the Turkish mainland shelf.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
T) Type species.


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ↑ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  4. ↑ Vipera (TSN 202180) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 23 March 2007.
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