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{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[image:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia current.jpg|350px]] <small>Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (seen here in 1986) is architecturally distinctive due to the combination of Spanish, Moorish, and Mexican lines exhibited.<ref>{{Mission San Luis Rey de Francia current.jpg/credit}}</ref> Part of California's most pristine mission complex, the baroque façade of the church was meant to be flanked by twin towers. In 1841, [[France|French]] explorer [[Eugene Duflot de Mofras]] produced a sketch of the Mission that depicted a second ''[[campanario]]'', thereby supporting the theory that two bell towers were planned, but never completed; the lone tower was also used as a lookout post.<ref>Krell, pp. 275-276</ref></small>
|align="center" colspan="2"|'''This article is part of a series on the<br />[[Spanish missions in California]]'''<br />[[Image:Deakin SLR circa 1899.jpg|350px]]<br />'''Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, ''circa'' 1899.'''<ref>{{Deakin SLR circa 1899.jpg/credit}}</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| HISTORY  
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| HISTORY  
|-
|-
|<small>'''Location:'''
|<small>'''Location:'''
|Oceanside, California
|[[Oceanside, California]]
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>33° 13′ 57″ N, 117° 19′ 13″ W
|-
|-
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
Line 14: Line 17:
|The Mission of Saint Louis, King of France
|The Mission of Saint Louis, King of France
|-
|-
|<small>'''Namesake:'''
|<small>'''Patron Saint:'''
|King Louis IX <ref name="Krell273">Krell, p. 273</ref>
|King Louis IX <ref name="Krell273">Krell, p. 273</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
|"King of the Alta California Missions"&nbsp;<ref>Yenne, p. 158</ref>
|"King of the Alta California Missions"&nbsp;<ref name=yenne158>Yenne, p. 158</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Founding Date:'''
|<small>'''Founding Date:'''
Line 33: Line 36:
|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|Kumeyaay, Quechnajuichom <ref name="Yenne161">Yenne, p. 161</ref><br>''Diegueño'', ''Luiseño'' <ref name="Yenne161">Yenne, p. 161</ref
|Kumeyaay, Quechnajuichom <ref name="Yenne161">Yenne, p. 161</ref><br>''Diegueño'', ''Luiseño'' <ref name="Yenne161">Yenne, p. 161</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Place Name(s):'''
|<small>'''Primordial Place Name(s):'''
|''Quechinga''&nbsp;<ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref>
|''Quechinga''&nbsp;<ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
|-
|-
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
|5,399 <ref name="krell316">Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|5,399 <ref name="krell316">Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Confirmations:'''
|
|-
|-
|<small>'''Marriages:'''
|<small>'''Marriages:'''
Line 51: Line 51:
|<small>'''Burials:'''
|<small>'''Burials:'''
|2,718 <ref name="krell316">Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|2,718 <ref name="krell316">Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Year of Neophyte Population Peak:'''
|1825 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Neophyte Population:'''
|<small>'''Neophyte Population:'''
|2,788 <ref name="krell316">Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''. Mission San Luis Rey was by far the most dominant of the Alta California missions at this time in terms of the number of neophytes attached to it.</ref><ref>Johnson, et al: "''In contrast to baptismal patterns documented at missions in much of the rest of California, Mission San Luis Rey appears to have coexisted with nearby native communities for a much longer period of time without fully absorbing their populations...This may be the result of a conscious decision by the head missionary at Mission San Luis Rey, Fr. Antonio Peyri, to permit a certain number of baptized Luiseños to remain living apart from the mission with their unconverted relatives at their ''rancherías'' [villages]. The native communities in this way gradually became converted into mission ranchos at Santa Margarita, Las Flores, Las Pulgas, San Jacinto, Temecula, Pala, etc.''"</ref>
|2,788 <ref name="krell316">Mission San Luis Rey was by far the most dominant of the Alta California missions at this time in terms of the number of neophytes attached to it.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref><ref>Johnson, et al: "''In contrast to baptismal patterns documented at missions in much of the rest of California, Mission San Luis Rey appears to have coexisted with nearby native communities for a much longer period of time without fully absorbing their populations...This may be the result of a conscious decision by the head missionary at Mission San Luis Rey, Fr. Antonio Peyri, to permit a certain number of baptized Luiseños to remain living apart from the mission with their unconverted relatives at their ''rancherías'' [villages]. The native communities in this way gradually became converted into mission ranchos at Santa Margarita, Las Flores, Las Pulgas, San Jacinto, Temecula, Pala, etc.''"</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| DISPOSITION
|<small>'''Neophyte Population in 1832:'''
|2,869 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref>
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| DISPOSITION
|-
|-
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
Line 63: Line 69:
|1865 <ref name="Krell315">Krell, p. 315</ref>  
|1865 <ref name="Krell315">Krell, p. 315</ref>  
|-
|-
|<small>'''Governing Body:'''
|<small>'''Caretaker:'''
|Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
|Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
|-
|-
Line 69: Line 75:
|Franciscan College / Museum
|Franciscan College / Museum
|-
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>'''Current Land Area:'''
|33°15'63"N, 117°00'66"W
|35 acres
|-
|-
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
Line 85: Line 91:
|}
|}


'''Mission San Luis Rey de Francia''' was founded on June 13, 1798 by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order. It would, in short order, become "''The largest and most populous Indian mission of both Americas.''" <ref name="Krell273">Krell, p. 273</ref> In 1893, the Catholic Church rededicated the mission as a Franciscan college, a function continued to this day.
'''Mission San Luis Rey de Francia''' is a former religious outpost established by Spanish colonists on the west coast of [[North America]] in the present-day State of [[California (U.S. state)]]. Founded on June 13, 1798 by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the eighteenth in the twenty-one mission Alta California chain. Named after a 13th-century French monarch, the outpost boasts the largest intact mission chapel in Southern California, earning it the nickname, "King of the Missions." <!-- <ref>Yenne, p. 158: The chapel, completed in 1815, measures out at 138 feet long, compared to the 180-foot-long "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano, which was destroyed by earthquake in 1812.</ref> --> Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, today the Mission serves as a museum and as a Franciscan College.


==Precontact==
==History==
The current prevailing theory postulates that Paleo-Indians entered the Americas from Asia via a land bridge called "Beringia" that connected eastern Siberia with present-day Alaska (when sea levels were significantly lower, due to widespread glaciation) between about 15,000 to 35,000 years ago. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation in California, dated to the last ice age (Wisconsin glaciation) about 13,000 years ago. The first humans are therefore thought to have made their homes among the southern valleys of California's coastal mountain ranges some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago; the earliest of these people are known only from archaeological evidence.<ref>Paddison, p. 333: The first undisputable archaeological evidence of human presence in California dates back to ''circa'' 8,000 BCE.</ref> The cultural impacts resulting from climactic changes and other natural events during this broad expanse of time were negligible; conversely, European contact was a momentous event, which profoundly affected California's native peoples.<ref>Jones and Klar 2005, p. 53: "''Understanding how and when humans first settled California is intimately linked to the initial colonization of the Americas''."</ref>
===Precontact and early contact===
The estimated pre-contact population of the local ''Quechnajuichom'' people was 10,000.<ref>"Luiseño" by Lowell John Bean and Florence C. Shipek pp. 550-563 in Volume 8, "California" in the ''Handbook of North American Indians.''</ref> The natives lived in autonomous village groups that hunted, fished, and foraged in specific territories. In time the tribe became known as the ''Luiseño'', after the Mission.


==History==
===Mission Period (1769 &ndash; 1833)===
In its prime, the San Luis Rey compound covered almost 6 acres, making it one of the most extensive of all the missions.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref>  An early account of life at the Mission was written by one of its neophytes, [[Pablo Tac]], in his work ''Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, An Indian Neophyte'' (written in Rome ''circa'' 1835, edited and translated by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes in 1958). In the book, Tac lamented the rapid decline of his people:
In its prime, the San Luis Rey compound covered almost 6 acres, making it one of the most extensive of all the missions.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref>  An early account of life at the Mission was written by one of its neophytes, Pablo Tac, in his work ''Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, An Indian Neophyte'' (written in Rome ''circa'' 1835, edited and translated by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes in 1958). In the book, Tac lamented the rapid decline of his people:


<blockquote>''In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls, with all their neighboring lands. Through a sickness that came to California 2,000 souls died, and 3,000 were left''.<ref>Lightfoot, p. 108</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>''In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls, with all their neighboring lands. Through a sickness that came to California 2,000 souls died, and 3,000 were left''.<ref>Lightfoot, p. 108</ref></blockquote>
Line 99: Line 106:
<blockquote>''In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock...''.<ref>Lightfoot, p. 105</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>''In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock...''.<ref>Lightfoot, p. 105</ref></blockquote>


The Mission-born, Franciscan-educated Tac noted that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from their southern California lands. When the foreigners approached, "''...the chief stood up...and met them''," demanding, "''...what are you looking for? Leave our country!''"  
The Mission-born, Franciscan-educated Tac noted that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from their southern California lands. When the foreigners approached, "''...the chief stood up...and met them''," demanding, "''...what are you looking for? Leave our country!''" In 1816, the [[San Antonio de Pala Asistencia]] was established twenty miles inland to minister to the needs of the local ''Cahuilla'' tribe. During the Mexican-American War, the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States Army.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref> Mission San Luis Rey reached the height of its prosperity in 1818, becoming "''The largest and most populous Indian mission of both Americas.''" <ref name="Krell273">Krell, p. 273</ref> The Mission maintained a vast network of outlying ranchos and ''asistencias'', spread out over a 1,000-square-mile area.


During the Mexican-American War, the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States Army.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref> Following secularization, no religious services were held at the Mission until 1893, when two Mexican priests were given permission to restore the Mission as a Franciscan college.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref> Father Joseph O'Keefe was assigned as an interpreter for the monks. It was he who began to restore the old Mission in 1895. The ''cuadrángulo'' (quadrangle) and church were completed in 1905. Today, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is a working mission. It is cared for by the people who belong to the parish, and is still being restored. There is a museum and visitors center at the Mission, as well as a small cemetery. 
===Rancho Period (1834 &ndash; 1849)===


The fourth episode of the Walt Disney television series ''Zorro'' was filmed on the Mission grounds. The story line purported that the Mission was haunted, and the episode (entitled "The Ghost of the Mission") was aired on Halloween (October 31, 1957).
===California Statehood (1850 &ndash; 1900)===
 
President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed a proclamation in March, 1865 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>Leffingwell, p. 29</ref> Following secularization, no religious services were held at the Mission until 1893, when two Mexican priests were given permission to restore the Mission as a Franciscan college, a function the facility continues to serve today.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref> Father Joseph O'Keefe was assigned as an interpreter for the monks. It was he who began to restore the old Mission in 1895.
 
===20th century and beyond (1901 &ndash; present)===
Repairs to the ''cuadrángulo'' (quadrangle) and church were completed in 1905. Today, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia serves as a Franciscan college. The fourth episode of the Walt Disney television series ''Zorro'' was filmed on the Mission grounds. The story line purported that the Mission was haunted, and the episode (entitled "The Ghost of the Mission") was aired on Halloween (October 31, 1957).


==Mission industries==
==Mission industries==
[[Image:San Luis Rey de Francia circa 1910 William Amos Haines.jpg|thumb|300px|right|{{San Luis Rey de Francia circa 1910 William Amos Haines.jpg/credit}}Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, ''circa'' 1910.]]
[[Image:Southern California Indian Linguistic Groups.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Las Flores Estancia]] and the location of the missions at [[Mission San Juan Capistrano|San Juan Capistrano]], San Luis Rey, and [[San Antonio de Pala Asistencia|Pala]] along with the [[Diego Sepúlveda Adobe‎|Santa Ana Estancia]] are shown above. Also shown are the territorial boundaries of the [[Southern California]] Indian tribes based on dialect, including the ''Cahuilla'', ''Cupeño'', ''Diegueño'', ''Gabrieliño'', ''Juaneño'', and ''Luiseño'' language groups.<ref>After Kroeber, 1925</ref>]]
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. [[Farming]], therefore, was the most important [[industry]] of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 211</ref>  
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 211</ref>


==Mission bells==
==Mission bells==
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells.
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells.


==Notes==
==Pepper tree==
[[Image:San Luis Rey de Francia circa 1900 Keystone-Mast Company.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Inside the "cavernous" ''capilla'' (chapel) at Mission San Luís Rey de Francia, ''circa'' 1900. Dedicated in 1815, the  cruciform design is shared only with the ruined "Great Stone Church" at [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]], making the two structures unique among the Alta California missions in that regard.<ref>Krell, pp. 154, 275</ref>]]
The oldest pepper tree (''Schinus molle'') in California resides in Mission San Luis Rey de Francia's courtyard, propagated from a seed planted by Father Peyri.<ref name="young18">Young, p. 18</ref>
[[Image:Southern California Indian Linguistic Groups - Juaneño.png|thumb|300px|{{Southern California Indian Linguistic Groups - Juaneño.png/credit}}<br/>The territorial boundaries of the Southern California Indian tribes based on dialect, including the ''Cahuilla'', ''Cupeño'', ''Diegueño'', ''Gabrieliño'', ''Juaneño'' (highlighted), and ''Luiseño'' language groups.<ref>After Kroeber, 1925</ref>]]
 
{{reflist}}
==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}

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Spanish missions in California
Deakin SLR circa 1899.jpg
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, circa 1899.[1]
HISTORY
Location: Oceanside, California
Coordinates: 33° 13′ 57″ N, 117° 19′ 13″ W
Name as Founded: La Misión de San Luis, Rey de Francia [2]
English Translation: The Mission of Saint Louis, King of France
Patron Saint: King Louis IX [3]
Nickname(s): "King of the Alta California Missions" [4]
Founding Date: June 13, 1798 [5]
Founded By: Father Fermín Lasuén [6]
Founding Order: Eighteenth [3]
Military District: First [7][8]
Native Tribe(s):
Spanish Name(s): 		Kumeyaay, Quechnajuichom [9]
Diegueño, Luiseño [9]
Primordial Place Name(s): Quechinga [10]
SPIRITUAL RESULTS
Baptisms: 5,399 [11]
Marriages: 1,335 [11]
Burials: 2,718 [11]
Year of Neophyte Population Peak: 1825 [12][13]
Neophyte Population: 2,788 [11][13][14]
Neophyte Population in 1832: 2,869 [12][13]
DISPOSITION
Secularized: 1834 [15]
Returned to the Church: 1865 [15]
Caretaker: Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current Use: Franciscan College / Museum
Current Land Area: 35 acres
National Historic Landmark: #NPS–70000142
Date added to the NRHP: 1970
California Historical Landmark: #239
Web Site: http://www.sanluisrey.org/

Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is a former religious outpost established by Spanish colonists on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California (U.S. state). Founded on June 13, 1798 by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the eighteenth in the twenty-one mission Alta California chain. Named after a 13th-century French monarch, the outpost boasts the largest intact mission chapel in Southern California, earning it the nickname, "King of the Missions." Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, today the Mission serves as a museum and as a Franciscan College.

History

Precontact and early contact

The estimated pre-contact population of the local Quechnajuichom people was 10,000.[16] The natives lived in autonomous village groups that hunted, fished, and foraged in specific territories. In time the tribe became known as the Luiseño, after the Mission.

Mission Period (1769 – 1833)

In its prime, the San Luis Rey compound covered almost 6 acres, making it one of the most extensive of all the missions.[17] An early account of life at the Mission was written by one of its neophytes, Pablo Tac, in his work Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, An Indian Neophyte (written in Rome circa 1835, edited and translated by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes in 1958). In the book, Tac lamented the rapid decline of his people:

In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls, with all their neighboring lands. Through a sickness that came to California 2,000 souls died, and 3,000 were left.[18]

Tac went on to describe the preferential treatment the padres received:

In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino [sic] father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock....[19]

The Mission-born, Franciscan-educated Tac noted that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from their southern California lands. When the foreigners approached, "...the chief stood up...and met them," demanding, "...what are you looking for? Leave our country!" In 1816, the San Antonio de Pala Asistencia was established twenty miles inland to minister to the needs of the local Cahuilla tribe. During the Mexican-American War, the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States Army.[17] Mission San Luis Rey reached the height of its prosperity in 1818, becoming "The largest and most populous Indian mission of both Americas." [3] The Mission maintained a vast network of outlying ranchos and asistencias, spread out over a 1,000-square-mile area.

Rancho Period (1834 – 1849)

California Statehood (1850 – 1900)

President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation in March, 1865 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[20] Following secularization, no religious services were held at the Mission until 1893, when two Mexican priests were given permission to restore the Mission as a Franciscan college, a function the facility continues to serve today.[17] Father Joseph O'Keefe was assigned as an interpreter for the monks. It was he who began to restore the old Mission in 1895.

20th century and beyond (1901 – present)

Repairs to the cuadrángulo (quadrangle) and church were completed in 1905. Today, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia serves as a Franciscan college. The fourth episode of the Walt Disney television series Zorro was filmed on the Mission grounds. The story line purported that the Mission was haunted, and the episode (entitled "The Ghost of the Mission") was aired on Halloween (October 31, 1957).

Mission industries

Las Flores Estancia and the location of the missions at San Juan Capistrano, San Luis Rey, and Pala along with the Santa Ana Estancia are shown above. Also shown are the territorial boundaries of the Southern California Indian tribes based on dialect, including the Cahuilla, Cupeño, Diegueño, Gabrieliño, Juaneño, and Luiseño language groups.[21]

The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.[22]

Mission bells

Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells.

Pepper tree

The oldest pepper tree (Schinus molle) in California resides in Mission San Luis Rey de Francia's courtyard, propagated from a seed planted by Father Peyri.[17]

Notes and references

  1. ↑ (PD) Painting: Edwin Deakin
  2. ↑ Leffingwell, p. 27
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Krell, p. 273
  4. ↑ Yenne, p. 158
  5. ↑ Yenne, p. 156
  6. ↑ Ruscin, p. 196
  7. ↑ Forbes, p. 202
  8. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228: "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Yenne, p. 161
  10. ↑ Ruscin, p. 195
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Krell, p. 316: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "krell316" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301
  14. ↑ Johnson, et al: "In contrast to baptismal patterns documented at missions in much of the rest of California, Mission San Luis Rey appears to have coexisted with nearby native communities for a much longer period of time without fully absorbing their populations...This may be the result of a conscious decision by the head missionary at Mission San Luis Rey, Fr. Antonio Peyri, to permit a certain number of baptized Luiseños to remain living apart from the mission with their unconverted relatives at their rancherías [villages]. The native communities in this way gradually became converted into mission ranchos at Santa Margarita, Las Flores, Las Pulgas, San Jacinto, Temecula, Pala, etc."
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Krell, p. 315
  16. ↑ "Luiseño" by Lowell John Bean and Florence C. Shipek pp. 550-563 in Volume 8, "California" in the Handbook of North American Indians.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Young, p. 18
  18. ↑ Lightfoot, p. 108
  19. ↑ Lightfoot, p. 105
  20. ↑ Leffingwell, p. 29
  21. ↑ After Kroeber, 1925
  22. ↑ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
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