China: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Richard Jensen
(add books)
m (Redirected page to China (disambiguation))
Tag: New redirect
 
(71 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{subpages}}
#REDIRECT [[China (disambiguation)]]
 
'''China''' is an area of [[East Asia]], but the word also refers to an ancient civilization thousands of years old. Modern political borders today divide this land, sharing Chinese culture, language and identity between different states and regions, but Chinese ideas and influence have survived, and are shared, by over one and a half billion people within the modern [[People's Republic of China]] and even more in the wider world.
 
== History ==
:<i>Full article:  [[History of China]]</i>
Although archaeologists have found settlements in China dating to [[5000 BCE]], the earliest nation that can be dated in the area of modern China is the [[Shang Dynasty]], approximately [[2000 BCE]].
 
Dynasty followed dynasty, as old regimes would lose the "mandate of heaven;" it was believed that each emperor ruled only with the approval of heaven, and a ruler who was unfit to rule would curse the nation until replaced.  In addition, the Chinese capital would occasionally be overrun by "barbarians," who invariably would start a new dynasty in the Chinese capital, integrating their nations into the former dynasty.
 
For a long time China has stood as a leading civilization, out-pacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences. However in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communists under [[Mao Zedong]] established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor Deng Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development, and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls and Internet censorship remain tight.
 
China's economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade, to a more market-oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy.
 
== Religion ==
:<i>Full article:  [[Religion of China]]</i>
In addition to the native folk religions, China is home of two of the world's oldest surviving religions:  [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]].  [[Buddhism]], carried over from India and [[Tibet]], has strongly influenced China and today there are several schools of Buddhism in the country.
 
In addition, China has several religious minorities.  [[Islam]] in China is rather moderate, and Chinese Muslims (majority are of [[Hui]] ethnicity) often define their faith in Taoist or Confucian terms, although they do not believe in the supernatural elements of those faiths.  [[Christianity]] had suffered much during the first 50 years of [[Communist]] rule, especially as churches tried to play a political role in people's lives.  In recent years, the restrictions have lowered.  [[Catholicism in China]] is an especially interesting topic, as the Chinese government has tried to replace the Vatican in Catholic lives.
 
Although the government of China is officially non-religious, freedom of religion is protected by the Chinese constitution -- as well as the "freedom not to believe in any religion."  This has led to dissent, as evangelism and proselytization are considered to interfere with a person's right not to believe.  As evangelism is required by some religions, this creates a contradiction within [[Chinese law]]; the people have the right to believe and worship as they wish, but they have no right to impose their beliefs on others -- even if the act of evangelism is considered the purest (or even the only) form of worship.  So far, there has been no resolution to this paradox.
 
The PRC also has a record of persecution of several religious groups, including [[Falun Gong]]. The persecution of Falun Gong has been condemned by a resolution passed unanimously by the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref> [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.CON.RES.304.EH: Concurrent resolution H. CON. RES. 304, 108th Congress] </ref>
 
== Economy ==
:<i>Full article:  [[Economy in China]]</i>
Early on, China was a world leader in economy and the sciences, and would be anywhere from one to five centuries ahead of classical Greek and Roman culture until the 1400s.  During the 15th century, China became increasingly isolationist, which lead to a slow loss of its advantage, by 1500 CE, isolationism and continual warfare had drained Chinese economy.
 
The situation would later improve after the first few decades of the [[Cold War]], and has been improving as businesses (both domestic and foreign) comes to use the infrastructure built during the Cold War.
 
The modern Chinese economy has benefited from two loosely affiliated nations:  [[Taiwan]] and [[Hong Kong]].  These states have developed highly developed economies (each would qualify as a first world nation were they independent nations) and governments, and their models have helped to develop the Chinese economy, either by acting as intermediaries or by acting as models.  This has been negatively reinforced by the horrors of neighboring [[North Korea]], whose occasional immigrants have helped to paint a negative picture of absolute dictatorships.
 
These two factors have changed Chinese economy, from a [[command economy]] to a more socialist state, with the Chinese economy increasingly in the hands of privately-owned businesses, not state- or military-run enterprises.  The [[2001 CE|2001]] declaration by [[Jiang Zemin]] (former leader of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]) of the "[[theory of three represents]]" -- that the CCP represents not only workers, but also intellectuals and entrepreneurs -- was an explicit affirmation of what had been a trend for the previous years.
 
== Issues in China ==
During the years of Communist rules, many [[human rights]] issues cropped up.  These have lessened in number and intensity as China's liberalization continues, although as freedom of the press increases, it becomes easier to report on violations from both past and present.  The issues have been hard to research, however, because Western propaganda created during the height of the Cold War is often regarded as fact.
 
==References==
*Ching J (1993) ''Chinese Religions.'' Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
* Fairbank, John King and Goldman, Merle.  ''China: A New History.'' Harvard U. Press, 1998. 546 pp. 
* Goldman, Merle and Lee, Leo Ou-fan, ed.  ''An Intellectual History of Modern China.'' Cambridge U. Press, 2002. 607 pp. 
*Ogden S (ed) (2006) ''China.'' Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.
* Perkins, Dorothy.  ''Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture.'' Facts on File, 1999. 662 pp. 
* Rawski, Thomas G.  and Lillian M. Li, eds. ''Chinese History in Economic Perspective,'' University of California Press,  1992 [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6489p0n6/?&query=&brand=ucpress online free]
* Roberts, J. A. G.  ''A Concise History of China.'' Harvard U. Press, 1999. 341 pp. 
* Schoppa, R. Keith.  ''The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History.'' Columbia U. Press, 2000. 356 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-columbia-guide-to-modern-chinese-history-by-r-keith-schoppa.jsp online edition]
* Wang, Ke-wen, ed.  ''Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism.'' Garland, 1998. 442 pp. 
* Wilkinson, Endymion.  ''Chinese History, A Manual, Revised and Enlarged.'' Harvard U. Asia Center, 2000. 1181 pp.
 
 
==See also==
*[[Chinese]]
*[[Catalog of Chinese cuisine]]
*[[Culture of the Song Dynasty]]
*[[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Subdivisions of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[Singapore]]
====notes====
<references/>

Latest revision as of 13:54, 29 February 2024

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=China&oldid=923496"