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#REDIRECT [[China (disambiguation)]]
 
'''China''', formally '''The People’s Republic of China,''' is the most important nation of [[East Asia]], with the largest population in the world and the highest rate of economic growth. The Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. It was slow to develop industrially, falling behind the West in the 18th century. The first half of the 20th century saw successive revolutions, civil war and foreign interference. After many faltering attempts to accelerate development, China began to open up to the outside world and modernize. When [[Taiwan]] (known as the "Republic of China") is being compared, the term "Mainland China" is often used. The capital city of China is [[Beijing]], which will host the 2008 Olympics.
 
This large country covers a vast and diverse landscape, from the steppes and deserts of Inner Mongolia in the north to the tropical islands south of Hainan and west to the mountains of the Himalayas. The northern border of China abuts [[Mongolia]] and [[Russia]]. The north eastern edge of China rests against [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|North Korea]]. South from here, China has a long curving coast line which is washed by the [[Bo Hai Sea|Bo Hai]], [[Yellow Sea|Yellow]], [[East China Sea|East China]], and [[South China Sea|South China]] Seas. The southern edge borders [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma). A small border war with Vietnam erupted in 1975. To the west, across the Himalayan mountains, China borders [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The Northwest of China borders [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. The highest mountain in the world, [[Mount Everest]], is on the border between Nepal and China.  The border with India is contested, to the point of military action and even a small undeclared war in 1962.
 
The most populous, and developed areas of China are around the East coast and the plains beside the [[Yangtse River|Yangtse]] and [[Yellow River]]s which were the seed bed form which Chinese culture developed. The interior becomes less developed to the West. The northeastern provinces of [[Liaoning]], [[Jilin]] and [[Heilong Jiang]] are known for their heavy industry. The largest city in China, is [[Chongqing]], which may contest for largest in the world. The next largest are [[Shanghai]] and [[Beijing]].
 
[[Image:China-cia.jpg|thumb|400px]]
== History ==
:<i>Full article:  [[China, history]]</i>
Although archaeologists have found settlements in China dating to [[5000 BCE]], the earliest nation that can be dated in the area of modern China is the [[Shang Dynasty]], approximately [[2000 BCE]].
 
Dynasty followed dynasty, as old regimes would lose the "[[mandate of heaven]];" it was believed that each emperor ruled only with the approval of heaven, and a ruler who was unfit to rule would curse the nation until replaced.  In addition, the Chinese capital would occasionally be overrun by "barbarians," who invariably would start a new dynasty in the Chinese capital, integrating their nations into the former dynasty.
 
Chinese had an advanced artistic culture and well-developed science and technology.  However, its science and technology stood still after 1700 and in the 21st century very little survives outside museums, except in for the popular forms of traditional medicine.
 
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by large-scale civil wars, major famines, military defeats by Britain and Japan, regional control by powerful warlords and foreign intervention such as the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900. In 1911 the revolution deposed the [[Qing Dynasty]] and a republic was proclaimed.  Under the leadership of the [[KMT]] (Kuomintang), headed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (1887-1975), the central government finally suppressed the local warlords who effectively controlled many provinces.  The KMT tried to destroy the Communists under [[Mao Zedong]], but they escaped in the "Long March" of 1934-35.  Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 invaded all of China, seizing the coast, the major cities, and setting up a puppet government that controlled most of the population. China was allied with the U.S. and Britain against Japan, and at war's end joined the United Nations as a permanent member of the 5-nation Security Council, with a veto.  The Americans attempted to force a negotiated settlement between the KMT and the Communists, but failed.  In the face of economic collapse the Communists won the civil war in 1949 under [[Mao Zedong]] established a dictatorship, driving the KMT to Taiwan. Taiwan is recognized as an integral part of China in theory, but in practice has been independent since 1949. Mao liquidated millions of opponents, fought the United States in the bloody [[Korean War]] )1950-53), and broke with the Soviet Union over the issue of who best represented the Marxist orthodoxy.  Mao's regime imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, Mao's successor [[Deng Xiaoping]] focused on market-oriented economic development, and by 2000 output had quadrupled, population growth ended (by imposing a one-child policy), and good relations were secured with the West. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls and Internet censorship remain tight.
 
China's economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade, to a more market-oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy.
 
== Religion ==
:<i>Full article:  [[China, religion]]</i>
In addition to the native folk religions, China is home of two of the world's oldest surviving religions:  [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]].  [[Buddhism]], carried over from India and [[Tibet]], has strongly influenced China and today there are several schools of Buddhism in the country.
 
In addition, China has several religious minorities.  [[Islam]] in China is rather moderate, and Chinese Muslims (majority are of [[Hui]] ethnicity) often define their faith in Taoist or Confucian terms, although they do not believe in the supernatural elements of those faiths.  [[Christianity]] was suppressed or taken over by the state after 1949.  In recent years, the restrictions have eased.  However several religious groups that reject governmental control are persecuted, notably the [[Falun Gong]].
 
== Economy ==
:<i>Full article:  [[China, economy]]</i>
China's economy, based on rice and wheat farming, was generally prosperous until the 18th century.  Population pressures,  and failure to adopt new technology led to an impoverished nation by 1900.
 
After Mao's death the policy of modernization along Western lines has led to a remarkable rate of economic growth in the industrial cities, which have pulled in millions of peasants from the still poor rural areas.  Slack environmental standards have led to serious pollution problems.
 
The modern Chinese economy has benefited from investments from [[Taiwan]] and [[Hong Kong]].  They jumped far ahead of China by 1970 in terms of technology, and in recent years have invested in mainland industries.
 
These two factors have changed Chinese economy, from a [[command economy]] to a more socialist state, with the Chinese economy increasingly in the hands of privately-owned businesses, not state- or military-run enterprises.  The 2001 declaration by [[Jiang Zemin]] (former leader of the Communist Party) of the "theory of three represents" -- that the CCP represents not only workers, but also intellectuals and entrepreneurs -- was an explicit affirmation of what had been a trend for the previous years.
 
== Human Rights ==
Underr Mao millions of Chinese were killed by famines or government action against the middle classes. The "Cultural revolution" in the 1960s was a counterattacj against intellectuals endorsed by Mao.  Human rights violations have lessened after Mao's death in 1975, and China has loosened its restrictions as it prepares to showcase its achievements for the 2008 Summer Olympics.
 
==Further reading==
* Blunden, Caroline, and Mark Elvin. ''Cultural Atlas of China'' (2nd ed 1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Cultural-Atlas-China/dp/0816038147/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1199243319&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Chow, Gregory C. ''China's Economic Transformation'' (2nd ed. 2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Chinas-Economic-Transformation-Gregory-Chow/dp/1405156244/ref=pd_sim_b_img_3 excerpt and text search]
* Donald, Stephanie Hemelry, and Robert Benewick. ''The State of China Atlas: Mapping the World's Fastest Growing Economy'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/State-China-Atlas-Mapping-Fastest/dp/0520246276/ref=pd_sim_b_title_1 excerpt and text search]
*  Eberharad, Wolfram. ''A History of China'' (2005), 380 pages' [http://books.google.com/books?id=5LgjunIn1CEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:history+intitle:china&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=k1CgHXYb6jQ6BgdwVpUWngov7So full text online free]
* Entwisle, Barbara, and Gail E. Henderson, eds. ''Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households, and Gender in China,'' U of California Press,  2000; on 1990; [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt938nd0k8/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online free]
* Fairbank, John King and Goldman, Merle.  ''China: A New History.'' Harvard U. Press, 1998. 546 pp. 
* Gries, Peter Hays. ''China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy,'' U of California Press, (2004); recent history [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9290249r/?&query=&brand=ucpress online edition free]
* National Geographic. ''National Geographic Atlas of China'' (2007)
*  Naughton, Barry. ''The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth'' (2007), important new survey
*Ogden S. (ed) ''China.'' McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. (2006)
* Oi, Jean C.  ''Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform,'' U of California Press, (1999) [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8j49p1hv/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online free]
* Perkins, Dorothy.  ''Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture.'' Facts on File, 1999. 662 pp. 
* Rawski, Thomas G.  and Lillian M. Li, eds. ''Chinese History in Economic Perspective,'' University of California Press,  1992 [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6489p0n6/?&query=&brand=ucpress online free]
* Roberts, J. A. G.  ''A Concise History of China.'' Harvard U. Press, 1999. 341 pp. 
* Schoppa, R. Keith.  ''The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History.'' Columbia U. Press, 2000. 356 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-columbia-guide-to-modern-chinese-history-by-r-keith-schoppa.jsp online edition]
* Shambaugh, David. ''Modernizing China's Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects'' U of California Press,  2003 [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4779q33t/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online free]
* Spence, Jonathan D. ''The Search for Modern China'' (1991), 876pp; well written survey from 1644 to 1980s [http://www.amazon.com/Search-Modern-China-Jonathan-Spence/dp/0393307808/ref=pd_sim_b_title_2 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/98946348 complete edition online]
* Wang, Ke-wen, ed.  ''Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism.'' Garland, 1998. 442 pp.
 
==See also==
*[[China, history]]
*[[Chinese cuisine]]
*[[Hong Kong]]
*[[Song Dynasty]]
*[[Subdivisions of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[Taiwan]]
 
====notes====
<references/>

Latest revision as of 13:54, 29 February 2024

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