Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand(1905-82) was a Russian-born twentieth century novelist, nowadays credited as the founder of the philosophical movement called Objectivism, which believes that reason and knowledge of objective reality leads to an ethic of rational self-interest and libertarian capitalism.

She is described by her admirers as ‘a philosopher’ but this is not a term accepted by many in the philosophical community. Although, her book’s certainly advance a ‘philosophy’ of life, there is nothing resembling an argument merely large amounts of assertion, including views such as that regarding homosexuals, who she considers 'disgusting'.

Life and Works

Rand was born, as Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum in Saint Petersburg, Russia and studied a mixture of social sciences and history before going on to become a screenwriter, a career which eventually took her to Hollywood where she 'odd-jobbed' for a number of years including appearing as an extra in Cecil B. DeMille's film, The King of Kings. It was while working on this film that she met her future husband, Frank O'Connor.

Her first published novel was a critical and semi-autobigraphical account of Soviet Russia called We the Living (1936) but neither this book nor the next had much critical or commercial success. However, her third book, The Fountainhead, which appeared in 1943 rapidly found amass market, and is claimed to have now sold over six million copies. This book presents the entrepreneur as hero, a theme developed in due course by her best known work, Atlas Shrugged (1957). Atlas's plot involves a dystopian United States of America in which industrialists and other creative individuals decide to go on strike and retreat to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy .

Atlas Shrugged

The heart of Atlas Shrugged is a speech by its 'hero', John Galt. In it, Galt explains the philosophy of Objectivism. Here, Rand echoes Nietzsche's contempt for the Christina virtues of sacrifice:

"This is an age of moral crisis, brought about by the doctrine of sacrifice " and "The essence of previous moral codes is to demand that you surrender your mind and your life to the whims of God or society."

In place of this, Rand offers an argument from selfishness:

"If you must act to benefit others, why is it acceptable for others to accept such benefits? Because they did not earn them. At its core, the Doctrine of Sacrifice is a doctrine that seeks the unearned."

Instead,

"To maintain its life, any organism must act in accordance with its means of survival. For man, this means living by the exercise of his mind." And: "Man's life -- the life of man qua rational being -- is the proper standard of value. Your own life -- and happiness as its emotional concomitant -- is the purpose of morality."

The proper means of interaction with others is trade. Rand offers a happy vision of free-market economics:

"In a society of trade, there is no conflict of interests among men at different levels in the pyramid of ability. The most talented people, who make new discoveries and invent new products and technologies, contribute the most to others; while those at the bottom, who are engaged in mere physical labor, benefit the most. "

The speech is very long, spanning 56 pages in one paperback edition (the only interruption occurs after the first paragraph), and appears in the chapter "This is John Galt Speaking" in the third section of the book. Later in the book, the speech is referred to as being approximately three hours long.

The speech, like the book, like the 'philosophy' of 'objectivism' finishes:

"You will win when you are ready to pronounce this oath: "I swear -- by my life and my love of it -- that I will never live for the sake of another man, nor ask another man to live for mine." "

Rand stated in a 1963 essay, titled "The Goal of My Writing", that her fiction was intentionally different in that its goal was to project a vision of an ideal man: not man as he is, but man as he might be and ought to be. Rand, who described herself as a "romantic realist" , presented her theory of aesthetics more fully in her 1969 book, The Romantic Manifesto : A Philosophy of Literature .

Influence

Atlas Shrugged was reviewed by National Review in 1957. It was unrelentingly scathing. The review called the book "sophomoric"; and "remarkably silly," and said it "can be called a novel only by devaluing the term."

Despite this, Atlas Shrugged is consistently in the top few hundred best sellers at Amazon.com with high sales in the United States in particular. The books are promoted by an organisation called the "Ayn Rand Institute: The Center for the Advancement of Objectivism" which appears to have (in publishing terms) almost bottomless pockets for promoting Rand's works.

The book has acquired a cult-like following particularly amongst those who see themselves as 'entrepreneurs' applying Rand's supposed principle of Nietzschean freedom (that is, the freedom of the exceptional individual to ignore the consequences of their actions for others less able or powerful).

For this or perhaps other reasons, the list of public figures claiming to have been influenced by Rand includes:

Alan Greenspan, sometime Head of the US Federal Reserve; Hugh Hefner of 'Playboy' fame; Angelina Jolie, a dynamic 'action woman' film star; and Jimmy Wales, a business entrepreneur behind a successful online encyclopaedia called Wikipedia, in which 'Ayn Rand' is treated respectfully and at length.

There is even a video game called BioShock, (released in the summer of 2007) built around Rand's philosophy and Atlas Shrugged .

Rand received the rare accolade of appearing on a U.S. postage stamp in 1999 in New York City.