Calcium

Calcium 40.078(4)   Ca 20 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 2,4,s [ ? ] Alkaline Earth Metal: Properties: Silvery-white, hard metal. Compounds: oxide, carbonate, nitrate, sulfide, chloride, and others Hazard: Reacts violently with water and acids to release explosive hydrogen,

Calcium is a chemical element, typically found as a solid in its elemental form. It has the chemical symbol Ca, atomic number (number of protons) Z = 20, and a standard atomic weight of 40.078 grams per mole.

Calcium is considered to be a member of the "alkaline earth metal" class of element. At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, it has a boiling point of 1,484 °C, and a melting point of 842 °C.

Calcium is essential for life, particularly in cell physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca²⁺ into and out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular processes, including neuromuscular contractions. It is also a major material used in mineralization of bones, teeth and shells.

Drug toxicity

Calcium may increase the rate of myocardial infarctions according to a meta-analysis by Bolland A more recent cohort study agrees.

Regarding all cardiovascular events, Bolland reported in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events(pooled relative risk, 1.12 (CI, 0.97 to 1.30])). A meta-analysis by Wang of 3 randomized controlled trials with a total of approximately 300 patients reports an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events (pooled relative risk, 1.14 (CI, 0.92 to 1.41])).This increase was also found in a more recently analyzed randomized controlled trial. A more recent cohort study agrees.

Regarding mortality, Bolland reported in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials an insignificant increase in mortality (pooled relative risk, 1.07 (CI, 0.95 to 1.19])).