User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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{{main|Reference conditions of gas temperature and pressure|Atmosphere (unit)}} | {{main|Reference conditions of gas temperature and pressure|Atmosphere (unit)}} | ||
In 1954, the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ([[CGPM]]) adopted a ''standard atmosphere'' for general use and defined it as being precisely 1,013,250 [[dyne]]s per [[ | In 1954, the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ([[CGPM]]) adopted a ''standard atmosphere'' for general use and defined it as being precisely 1,013,250 [[dyne]]s per [[centimeter]] (101,325 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]).<ref name=BIPM>[http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4 BIPM Definition of the standard atmosphere]</ref> This value was intended to represent the average atmospheric pressure at the average sea level at the latitude of [[Paris|Paris, France]], and as a practical matter, truly reflects the average sea level pressure for many of the industrialized nations (those with [[latitude]]s similar to Paris). | ||
The ''International standard atmosphere'' (ISA) as used by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is also defined as being 101,325 Pa.<ref>International Civil Aviation Organization, Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, ISBN 92-9194-004-6</ref> | The ''International standard atmosphere'' (ISA) as used by [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) is also defined as being 101,325 Pa.<ref>International Civil Aviation Organization, Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, ISBN 92-9194-004-6</ref> | ||
In [[chemistry]], the original definition of "Standard Temperature and Pressure" by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) was a reference temperature of 0 [[Celsius|°C]] (273.15 [[kelvin|K]]) and pressure of 101.325 kPa. However, in 1982, the IUPAC recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the "standard pressure" should be defined as 100,000 Pa (1 bar).<ref name=IUPAC>[[IUPAC]] Gold Book, [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html Standard Pressure]</ref> | In [[chemistry]], the original definition of "Standard Temperature and Pressure" by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) was a reference temperature of 0 [[Celsius|°C]] (273.15 [[kelvin|K]]) and pressure of 101.325 kPa. However, in 1982, the IUPAC recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the "standard pressure" should be defined as 100,000 Pa (1 bar).<ref name=IUPAC>[[IUPAC]] Gold Book, [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html Standard Pressure]</ref> | ||
Revision as of 19:27, 19 October 2009
Atmospheric pressure at a given point in Earth's atmosphere is the downward force per unit area exerted upon a horizontal surface at that point by the weight of air above that surface. Atmospheric pressure at sea level will vary with geographic location, the temperature and humidity of the air and with the weather conditions. In fact, a change in the sea level atmospheric pressure usually indicates an upcoming change in the weather. Since air temperature and humidity as well as the weather change with the annual seasons (i.e., winter, spring, summer and fall), the sea level atmospheric pressure changes with the seasons.
Standard values of atmospheric pressure at sea level
In 1954, the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) adopted a standard atmosphere for general use and defined it as being precisely 1,013,250 dynes per centimeter (101,325 Pa).[1] This value was intended to represent the average atmospheric pressure at the average sea level at the latitude of Paris, France, and as a practical matter, truly reflects the average sea level pressure for many of the industrialized nations (those with latitudes similar to Paris).
The International standard atmosphere (ISA) as used by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is also defined as being 101,325 Pa.[2]
In chemistry, the original definition of "Standard Temperature and Pressure" by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) was a reference temperature of 0 °C (273.15 K) and pressure of 101.325 kPa. However, in 1982, the IUPAC recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the "standard pressure" should be defined as 100,000 Pa (1 bar).[3]
However, the sea level atmospheric pressure of 101,325 Pa (as defined by the CGPM and by the IUPAC prior to 1982) continues to be very commonly used and its unit of measurement unit is the atmosphere (symbol: atm) defined as being 101,325 Pa. The difference between an atm and a bar is about 1%, which is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of many common pressure gauges.
The following units are equivalent, but only to the number of decimal places displayed: 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inHg, 14.696 PSI, 1013.25 millibars.
- ↑ BIPM Definition of the standard atmosphere
- ↑ International Civil Aviation Organization, Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, ISBN 92-9194-004-6
- ↑ IUPAC Gold Book, Standard Pressure