User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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== Composition  of the atmospheric air ==
== Composition  of the atmospheric air ==
{{main|Atmospheric chemistry}}
{{main|Atmospheric chemistry}}
Filtered air includes trace amounts of many of the [[chemical element]]s. Substantial amounts of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen are present as [[elementary gas]]es. Note the major [[greenhouse gas]]es: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Many additional elements from natural sources may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including contributions from [[dust]], [[pollen]] and [[spores]], [[sea spray]], [[vulcanism]], and [[meteoroid]]s. Various industrial [[pollutant]]s are also now present in the air, such as [[chlorine]] (elementary or in compounds), [[fluorine]] (in compounds), elementary [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[sulfur]] (in compounds such as [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO<sub>2</sub>)).
Filtered air includes trace amounts of many of the [[chemical element]]s. Substantial amounts of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen are present as [[elementary gas]]es. Note the major [[greenhouse gas]]es: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Many additional elements from natural sources may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including contributions from [[dust]], [[pollen]] and [[spores]], [[sea spray]], [[vulcanism]], and [[meteoroid]]s. Various industrial [[pollutant]]s are also now present in the air, such as [[chlorine]] (elementary or in compounds), [[fluorine]] (in compounds), elementary [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[sulfur]] (in compounds such as [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO<sub>2</sub>)).


{| class="wikitable"
{| class = "wikitable" align="left"
|+'''Composition of dry atmosphere, by volume'''<ref>Source for figures: Carbon dioxide, [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html NASA Earth Fact Sheet], (updated 2007.01). Methane, [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/221.htm#tab61 TAR table 6.1], (updated to 1998). The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100%, and CO<sub>2</sub> was increased here by 15 ppmv. To normalize, N<sub>2</sub> should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O<sub>2</sub> by about 7 ppmv.</ref>
|+ Composition of Dry Air <ref>[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/atmos_intro.htm The Atmosphere] From the website of the  [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) and the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS), Last updated May 5, 2009</ref>
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 85%" |''ppmv: [[parts per million]] by volume''
!colspan="2"|Gas!!Colspan="2"|Concentration
|-
!align = "left" | Gas
!align = "left" |Volume
|-
| [[Nitrogen]] (N<sub>2</sub>) || 780,840 ppmv (78.084%)
|-
| [[Oxygen]] (O<sub>2</sub>) || 209,460 ppmv (20.946%)
|-
| [[Argon]] (Ar) || 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)
|-
|-
| [[Carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) || 383 ppmv (0.0383%)
!Name!!Symbol!!Volume %!!ppmv  
|-
|-
| [[Neon]] (Ne) || 18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)
|Nitrogen || align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"| 78.084|| align="center"| 780,840
|-
|-
| [[Helium]] (He) || 5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)
|Oxygen|| align="center"|O<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"| 20.947|| align="center"| 209,470
|-
|-
| [[Methane]] (CH<sub>4</sub>) || 1.745 ppmv (0.0001745%)
|Argon|| align="center"|Ar|| align="center"|0.934|| align="center"|9,340
|-
|-
| [[Krypton]] (Kr) || 1.14 ppmv (0.000114%)
|Carbon dioxide|| align="center"|CO<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"|0.033|| align="center"|330
|-
|-
| [[Hydrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) || 0.55 ppmv (0.000055%)
|Neon|| align="center"|Ne|| align="center"|0.001820|| align="center"|18.20
|-
|-
| [[Nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O) || 0.3 ppmv (0.00003%)
|Helium|| align="center"|He|| align="center"|0.000520|| align="center"|5.20
|-
|-
| [[Xenon]] (Xe) || 0.09 ppmv (9x10<sup>−6</sup>%)
|Methane|| align="center"|CH<sub>4</sub>|| align="center"|0.000200|| align="center"|2.00
|-
|-
| [[Ozone]] (O<sub>3</sub>) || 0.0 to 0.07 ppmv (0%-7x10<sup>−6</sup>%)
|Krypton|| align="center"|Kr|| align="center"|0.000110|| align="center"|1.10
|-
|-
| [[Nitrogen dioxide]] (NO<sub>2</sub>) || 0.02 ppmv (2x10<sup>−6</sup>%)
|Sulfur dioxide|| align="center"|SO<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"|0.000100|| align="center"|1.00
|-
|-
| [[Iodine]] (I) || 0.01 ppmv (1x10<sup>−6</sup>%)
|Hydrogen|| align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"|0.000050|| align="center"|0.50
|-
|-
| [[Carbon monoxide]] (CO) || 0.1 ppmv
|Nitrous oxide || align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>O|| align="center"|0.000050|| align="center"|0.50
|-
|-
| [[Ammonia]] (NH<sub>3</sub>) || trace
|Xenon || align="center"|Xe|| align="center"|0.000009|| align="center"|0.09
|-
|-
| Colspan=2 |'''Not included in above dry atmosphere:'''
|Ozone || align="center"|O<sub>3</sub>|| align="center"|0.000007|| align="center"|0.07
|-
|-
| [[Water vapor]] (H<sub>2</sub>O) || ~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1%-4% at surface
|Nitrogen dioxide || align="center"|NO<sub>2</sub>|| align="center"|0.000002|| align="center"|0.02
|}
|}

Revision as of 02:21, 17 August 2009

Composition of the atmospheric air

For more information, see: Atmospheric chemistry.

Filtered air includes trace amounts of many of the chemical elements. Substantial amounts of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen are present as elementary gases. Note the major greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Many additional elements from natural sources may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including contributions from dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, vulcanism, and meteoroids. Various industrial pollutants are also now present in the air, such as chlorine (elementary or in compounds), fluorine (in compounds), elementary mercury, and sulfur (in compounds such as sulfur dioxide (SO2)).

Composition of Dry Air [1]
Gas Concentration
Name Symbol Volume % ppmv
Nitrogen N2 78.084 780,840
Oxygen O2 20.947 209,470
Argon Ar 0.934 9,340
Carbon dioxide CO2 0.033 330
Neon Ne 0.001820 18.20
Helium He 0.000520 5.20
Methane CH4 0.000200 2.00
Krypton Kr 0.000110 1.10
Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.000100 1.00
Hydrogen H2 0.000050 0.50
Nitrous oxide N2O 0.000050 0.50
Xenon Xe 0.000009 0.09
Ozone O3 0.000007 0.07
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.000002 0.02
  1. ↑ The Atmosphere From the website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Weather Service (NWS), Last updated May 5, 2009
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