User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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===Biomass gasification to produce syngas===
===Biomass gasification to produce syngas===


Gasification is a process that reacts [[Carbon|carbon-containing]] materials (such as coal or biomass) at high [[temperature]]s with [[air]], or pure [[oxygen]] (O<sub>2</sub>), and [[steam]] to produce a mixture of [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) and [[hydrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) commonly called ''syngas'' (a contraction of ''synthesis gas''). It has been in use since the early 1800s when coal and [[peat]] were gasified to produce what was then called ''town gas'' for lighting and cooking ... later to be replace by [[electricity]] and natural gas.
Gasification is a process that reacts [[Carbon|carbon-containing]] materials (such as coal or biomass) at high [[temperature]]s with reagent gases (namely, [[steam]], pure [[oxygen]] and/or [[air]]) to produce a mixture of [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) and [[hydrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) commonly called ''syngas'' (a contraction of ''synthesis gas''). It has been in use since the early 1800s when coal and [[peat]] were gasified to produce what was then called ''town gas'' for lighting and cooking ... later to be replace by [[electricity]] and natural gas.


The syngas may be directly burned as a fuel, converted into methyl alcohol or hydrogen, subjected to [[methanation]] to produce [[synthetic natural gas]] (SNG),<ref>M.R. Beychok (May 1975), "Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels", ''[[U.S. EPA]] report EPA-660/2-75-011''.</ref> or converted into synthetic liquid [[hydrocarbon]]s via the [[Fischer-Tropsch]] process.
The syngas may be directly burned as a fuel, converted into methyl alcohol or hydrogen, subjected to [[methanation]] to produce [[synthetic natural gas]] (SNG),<ref>M.R. Beychok (May 1975), "Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels", ''[[U.S. EPA]] report EPA-660/2-75-011''.</ref> or converted into synthetic liquid [[hydrocarbon]]s via the [[Fischer-Tropsch]] process.
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The vessel in which the gasification process takes place is called a ''gasifier''. There are four types of gasifiers in current use:
The vessel in which the gasification process takes place is called a ''gasifier''. There are four types of gasifiers in current use:


*'''''Counter-current fixed bed gasifier:''''' This gasifier is a vertical, cylindrical vessel containing a bed of carbon-containing material (e.g., coal or biomass) through which steam and/or air flows upward. Although commonly  referred to as a fixed bed gasifier, the crushed coal or biomass is fed into the the gasifier through a lock hopper mounted on top of the gasifier and the carbonaceous material slowly moves downward as it is converted into syngas, which is removed from the upper portion of the gasifier,  and ash or slag removed from the bottom of the gasifier.<ref name=Visagie>[http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07022009-133535/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf Generic gasifier modelling: Evaluating model by gasifier type] J.P. Visagie (October 2008), Master's dissertation, [[University of Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=M.R. Beychok|title=Coal gasification for clean energy|journal=Energy Pipelines and Systems|volume=|issue=| pages=|date=March 1974|id=|url=}}</ref><ref>M.R. Beychok (September 1974), "Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process", ''American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting'', [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]</ref>
*'''''Counter-current fixed bed gasifier:''''' This gasifier is a vertical, cylindrical vessel containing a bed of carbon-containing material (e.g., coal or biomass) through which steam, oxygen and/or air flow upward. Although commonly  referred to as a fixed bed gasifier, the crushed coal or biomass is fed into the the gasifier through a lock hopper mounted on top of the gasifier and the carbonaceous material slowly moves downward as it is converted into syngas, which is removed from the upper portion of the gasifier,  and ash or slag removed from the bottom of the gasifier.<ref name=Visagie>[http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07022009-133535/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf Generic gasifier modelling: Evaluating model by gasifier type] J.P. Visagie (October 2008), Master's dissertation, [[University of Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=M.R. Beychok|title=Coal gasification for clean energy|journal=Energy Pipelines and Systems|volume=|issue=| pages=|date=March 1974|id=|url=}}</ref><ref>M.R. Beychok (September 1974), "Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process", ''American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting'', [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]</ref>


*'''''Co-current fixed bed  gasifier:''''' This gasifier is also a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is quite similar to the  counter-current gasifier type except that the steam and/or air is added at the top of the bed, flows downward co-current with the slowly moving bed of carbonaceous material, and the product syngas is removed below the bed. <ref name=Visagie/><ref>M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, "The Design of Co-Current Moving-Bed Gasifiers Fueled by Biomass" published in this book: {{cite book|author=Jerry Latham Jones and Shirley B. Radding (Editors)| title=Thermal conversion of solid wastes and biomass: based on a symposium|edition=Volume 130 of ACS symposium series|publisher=American Chemical Society|date= 1980|id=ISBN 0-8412-0565-5}}</ref><ref name=Groeneveld>[http://doc.utwente.nl/68447/1/Groeneveld79gas.pdf Gasification and solid waste -- Potential and application of co-current moving bed gasifiers] M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, [[Twente University of Technology]], [[The Netherlands]].</ref>
*'''''Co-current fixed bed  gasifier:''''' This gasifier is also a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is quite similar to the  counter-current gasifier type except that the steam, oxygen and/or air enter at the top of the bed, flow downward co-current with the slowly moving bed of carbonaceous material, and the product syngas is removed below the bed. <ref name=Visagie/><ref>M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, "The Design of Co-Current Moving-Bed Gasifiers Fueled by Biomass" published in this book: {{cite book|author=Jerry Latham Jones and Shirley B. Radding (Editors)| title=Thermal conversion of solid wastes and biomass: based on a symposium|edition=Volume 130 of ACS symposium series|publisher=American Chemical Society|date= 1980|id=ISBN 0-8412-0565-5}}</ref><ref name=Groeneveld>[http://doc.utwente.nl/68447/1/Groeneveld79gas.pdf Gasification and solid waste -- Potential and application of co-current moving bed gasifiers] M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, [[Twente University of Technology]], [[The Netherlands]].</ref>


*'''''Fluidized bed gasifier:''''' This gasifier is again a vertical, cylindrical vessel. It differs from the fixed bed reactors in that the feedstock biomass is very finely crushed before it enters the gasifier and the reaction bed of ground biomass is fluidized by the reagent gases (steam, oxygen and/or air) flowing upward through the bed. The fluidization of the reaction bed increases the height of the bed (as compared to the fixed bed gasifiers) and the finely crushed biomass results in much more biomass surface area being exposed to the reagent gases. The product syngas contains fine particles of crushed biomass which are removed by routing the syngas through a [[cyclone]] to recover the fines and recycle them back into the reaction bed.<ref name=Visagie/><ref name=Kreutz>[http://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal and Biomass] Thomas G. Kreutz et al (October 2008), [[Princeton University]], presented at 25th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], September 29 to October 2, 2008.</ref>
*'''''Fluidized bed gasifier:''''' This gasifier is again a vertical, cylindrical vessel. It differs from the fixed bed reactors in that the feedstock biomass is very finely crushed before it enters the gasifier and the reaction bed of ground biomass is fluidized by the reagent gases (steam, oxygen and/or air) flowing upward through the bed. The fluidization of the reaction bed increases the height of the bed (as compared to the fixed bed gasifiers) and the finely crushed biomass results in much more biomass surface area being exposed to the reagent gases. The product syngas contains fine particles of crushed biomass which are removed by routing the syngas through a [[cyclone]] to recover the fines and recycle them back into the reaction bed.<ref name=Visagie/><ref name=Kreutz>[http://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/kreutz-fischer-tropsch.pdf Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal and Biomass] Thomas G. Kreutz et al (October 2008), [[Princeton University]], presented at 25th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], September 29 to October 2, 2008.</ref>


*'''''Entrained flow gasifier:''''' This gasifier, like the other three discussed above, is also a vertical, cylindrical vessel. The feedstock biomass is finely crushed and flows downward co-currently with pure oxygen. Air is seldom used as a reagent gas in a an entrained gasifier. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of fine biomass particles. The syngas exits from the bottom section of the gasifier and is routed through a cyclone (and perhaps a water scrubber) for removal of the fines. Entrained gasifiers operate at temperatures of 1000 to 1200 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and at pressures of 30 to 70 [[Bar (unit)|bar]] which are very much higher pressures than is the case for the other types of gasifiers.<ref name=Visagie/><ref name=Kreutz/><ref>[http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2004/c04039.pdf Entrained Flow Gasification of Biomass] A. van der Drift et al (April 2004), [[Energy research Centre of the Netherlands]] (ECN), Report ECN-C-04-039.</ref>  
*'''''Entrained flow gasifier:''''' This gasifier, like the other three discussed above, is also a vertical, cylindrical vessel. The feedstock biomass is finely crushed and flows downward co-currently with pure oxygen. Air is seldom used as a reagent gas in a an entrained gasifier. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of fine biomass particles. The syngas exits from the bottom section of the gasifier and is routed through a cyclone (and perhaps a water scrubber) for removal of the fines. Entrained gasifiers operate at temperatures of 1000 to 1200 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and at pressures of 30 to 70 [[Bar (unit)|bar]] which is a much higher pressure than is the case for the other types of gasifiers.<ref name=Visagie/><ref name=Kreutz/><ref>[http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2004/c04039.pdf Entrained Flow Gasification of Biomass] A. van der Drift et al (April 2004), [[Energy research Centre of the Netherlands]] (ECN), Report ECN-C-04-039.</ref>  


{{Image|BTL.png|right|225px|The Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL) process}}
{{Image|BTL.png|right|225px|The Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL) process}}

Revision as of 17:21, 3 April 2011

Biomass, a source of renewable energy, is biological material such as wood, wood waste, municipal solid waste, straw, sugar cane, algae, and many other byproducts derived from agricultural and forestry production as well as other sources. Since biomass derives from plants generated by solar energy in the photosynthesis process, it can also be defined as the biological material on Earth that has stored solar energy in the chemical bonds of the organic material.

The fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) are currently thought to have been formed from prehistoric, ancient biomass buried deeply underground over millions of years of geological time. Therefore, they are not considered to be renewable sources of energy

Production of fuels and other products from biomass

Biomass fuel for electric power production

The direct combustion of biomass for producing heat and electric power provides a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. In 2009, about 11,350 megawatts (MW) of electric power, amounting to 1.1% of the summertime electrical supply in the United States was generated by burning biomass that included: wood, wood waste, municipal solid waste (MSW), landfill gas, and agricultural byproducts and waste.[1]

The New Hope Power Partnership in Florida is the largest biomass power plant in North America. It generates 140 MW of power using uses sugar cane fiber (bagasse) and recycled wood as fuel.[2] It has been in operation for more than 10 years.

Production of liquid transportation fuels

There are several processes available for converting the chemical energy contained in biomass into liquid automotive transport fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol.[3]

Ethanol fuel:

Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and it is most often used as an automotive motor fuel, mainly as an additive for gasoline. Ethanol can be produced by fermentation of sugar cane, bagasse, sugar beets, barley, potatoes, corn and many other grains as well as many agricultural byproducts and wastes.

The worldwide production of ethanol for automotive fuel in 2007 was 52,000,000,000 litres. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%.[4] In 2009, worldwide ethanol fuel production reached 73,900,000,000 litres (19,500,000,000 gallons) and was expected to reach 85,900,000,000 litres in 2010.[5]

Ethanol fuel is widely used in Brazil and in the United States, and together both countries were responsible for about 86 percent of the world's ethanol fuel production in 2009.[6]

Biodiesel fuel:

Biodiesel refers to a diesel fuel produced by chemically reacting lipids such as vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methyl alcohol (CH3OH). The resulting biodiesel consists of esters of long-chain fatty acids. The process is known as "transesterification" and it may be carried out by several methods: the common batch process, supercritical processes and ultrasonic methods.

In 2009, the worldwide production of biodiesel was 17,900,000,000 litres. The three countries with the largest annual biodiesel production were Germany (16%), France (12%) and the United States (11%).[7]

Biomass gasification to produce syngas

Gasification is a process that reacts carbon-containing materials (such as coal or biomass) at high temperatures with reagent gases (namely, steam, pure oxygen and/or air) to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) commonly called syngas (a contraction of synthesis gas). It has been in use since the early 1800s when coal and peat were gasified to produce what was then called town gas for lighting and cooking ... later to be replace by electricity and natural gas.

The syngas may be directly burned as a fuel, converted into methyl alcohol or hydrogen, subjected to methanation to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG),[8] or converted into synthetic liquid hydrocarbons via the Fischer-Tropsch process.

The vessel in which the gasification process takes place is called a gasifier. There are four types of gasifiers in current use:

  • Counter-current fixed bed gasifier: This gasifier is a vertical, cylindrical vessel containing a bed of carbon-containing material (e.g., coal or biomass) through which steam, oxygen and/or air flow upward. Although commonly referred to as a fixed bed gasifier, the crushed coal or biomass is fed into the the gasifier through a lock hopper mounted on top of the gasifier and the carbonaceous material slowly moves downward as it is converted into syngas, which is removed from the upper portion of the gasifier, and ash or slag removed from the bottom of the gasifier.[9][10][11]
  • Co-current fixed bed gasifier: This gasifier is also a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is quite similar to the counter-current gasifier type except that the steam, oxygen and/or air enter at the top of the bed, flow downward co-current with the slowly moving bed of carbonaceous material, and the product syngas is removed below the bed. [9][12][13]
  • Fluidized bed gasifier: This gasifier is again a vertical, cylindrical vessel. It differs from the fixed bed reactors in that the feedstock biomass is very finely crushed before it enters the gasifier and the reaction bed of ground biomass is fluidized by the reagent gases (steam, oxygen and/or air) flowing upward through the bed. The fluidization of the reaction bed increases the height of the bed (as compared to the fixed bed gasifiers) and the finely crushed biomass results in much more biomass surface area being exposed to the reagent gases. The product syngas contains fine particles of crushed biomass which are removed by routing the syngas through a cyclone to recover the fines and recycle them back into the reaction bed.[9][14]
  • Entrained flow gasifier: This gasifier, like the other three discussed above, is also a vertical, cylindrical vessel. The feedstock biomass is finely crushed and flows downward co-currently with pure oxygen. Air is seldom used as a reagent gas in a an entrained gasifier. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of fine biomass particles. The syngas exits from the bottom section of the gasifier and is routed through a cyclone (and perhaps a water scrubber) for removal of the fines. Entrained gasifiers operate at temperatures of 1000 to 1200 °C and at pressures of 30 to 70 bar which is a much higher pressure than is the case for the other types of gasifiers.[9][14][15]
(CC) Diagram: Milton Beychok
The Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL) process

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Electric Net Summer Capacity U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
  2. ↑ Agriculture & Renewable Energy: The Partnership for a New Frontier Florida Power Service Commission (FPSC) Workshop, July 26, 2007.
  3. ↑ ABC's of Biofuels From the website of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
  4. ↑ Assessing Biofuels (2009) From the website of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  5. ↑ Global ethanol production to reach 85.9 billion litres (22.7 billion gallons) in 2010 March 22, 2010. From the website of the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA).
  6. ↑ Ethanol Industry Statistics 2009 World Fuel Ethanol Production from the website of the Renewable Fuels Association.
  7. ↑ Production of biofuels in the world in 2009 August 30, 2010. From the website of the Biofuels Platform published in Switzerland.
  8. ↑ M.R. Beychok (May 1975), "Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels", U.S. EPA report EPA-660/2-75-011.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Generic gasifier modelling: Evaluating model by gasifier type J.P. Visagie (October 2008), Master's dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa
  10. ↑ M.R. Beychok (March 1974). "Coal gasification for clean energy". Energy Pipelines and Systems.
  11. ↑ M.R. Beychok (September 1974), "Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process", American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey
  12. ↑ M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, "The Design of Co-Current Moving-Bed Gasifiers Fueled by Biomass" published in this book: Jerry Latham Jones and Shirley B. Radding (Editors) (1980). Thermal conversion of solid wastes and biomass: based on a symposium, Volume 130 of ACS symposium series. American Chemical Society. ISBN 0-8412-0565-5. 
  13. ↑ Gasification and solid waste -- Potential and application of co-current moving bed gasifiers M.J. Groeneveld and W.P.M. Van Swaaij, Twente University of Technology, The Netherlands.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal and Biomass Thomas G. Kreutz et al (October 2008), Princeton University, presented at 25th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 29 to October 2, 2008.
  15. ↑ Entrained Flow Gasification of Biomass A. van der Drift et al (April 2004), Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Report ECN-C-04-039.
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