Archive:Policy Outline: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Larry Sanger
m (Text replacement - "CZ:Constabulary" to "CZ:Moderator Group")
 
(33 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==About This Document==
Parts of this document were moved to the following pages:
* [[CZ:Community Pages]]
* [[CZ:Executive Committee]]
* [[CZ:User Pages]]
* [[CZ:Content Policy]]
* [[CZ:Naming Conventions]]
* [[CZ:Topic Choice]]
* [[CZ:Approval Standards]]
* [[CZ:Stubs]]
* [[CZ:Talk Pages]]
* [[CZ:Article Deletion Policy]]
* [[CZ:Professionalism]]
* [[CZ:Moderator Group]]
* [[CZ:Editor Policy]]
* [[CZ:Dispute Resolution]]
* [[CZ:Policy on Topic Informants]]
* [[CZ:Moderator Group Policy]]


===Maintainers of this document===
In time, we will be redirecting links to [[CZ:Policy Outline]] instead to the above pages, or else other, more relevant pages.
Currently, this document is maintained jointly by the Editor-in-Chief, and the Chief Constable; as specific people are invited, the list of maintainers will grow.  The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to declare a final resolution to disputes about this and other policy documents until responsible bodies are established.


===Statement of Fundamental Policies takes precedence===
[[Category:Archived Pages]]
The [http://www.citizendium.org/fundamentals.html Statement of Fundamental Policies] will be regarded as the supreme policy of the project prior to the adoption of the ''Citizendium'' Charter.  The Statement itself will define certain fundamental conditions on the adoption of the Charter.  A draft Charter is or will be under development at [[CZ:Draft Charter]].
 
===This Policy Outline is the ''Citizendium'''s policy "home page"===
All major policies about the ''Citizendium'' will be summed up on this one page.  Details may be removed to other pages, but the ''Citizendium'' Policy Outline will always contain a comprehensive and ''self-contained'' summary and set of pointers to further elaboration where necessary.
 
===Mailing list and forum input===
Comments are welcome on ''Citizendium'' lists and forums.  The maintainers of this document will always monitor ''Citizendium''-L, ''Citizendium''-Editors, and other mailing lists, as well as the ''Citizendium'' Forums.  These public arenas of discussion will be regarded as crucial in determining the shape of project policy.
 
===Executive Committee not a forum for policy discussion===
There will also be an Executive Committee that works privately essentially to advise the Editor-in-Chief, but it will be carefully enforced policy that that group handles only matters that need to be private--as, for example, grant proposals and partnership proposals that have not been reviewed.  As a general rule, ''policy'' will not be discussed by the Executive Committee but in forums that have public archives.
 
==The ''Citizendium's'' Foundational Policies==
 
===The role of the Statement of Fundamental Policies===
 
The ''Citizendium'' community launched in September 2006 with certain fundamental policies articulated in an essay called "[http://www.Citizendium.org/essay.html Toward a new compendium of knowledge]."  But in fact, that essay mixed some mere suggestions with some non-negotiable policies.  Therefore, [http://www.Citizendium.org/fundamentals.html the ''Citizendium'' Statement of Fundamental Policies] clarifies which policies are to be regarded as "non-negotiable."  These policies may be refined, explained, and justified, but they will not be defended, and those who reject them, and particularly those inclined to work against them, will be asked to find another project to support.
 
===The purposes of articulating non-negotiable policies=== 
 
The purposes of articulating non-negotiable policies are: (1) the Statement gives a much-needed definition and focused purpose to a project that otherwise might drift aimlessly and accomplish little; (2) in an open, volunteer community, the statement allows persons to identify whether their own participation is appropriate.
 
==Authors and Authoring ''Citizendium'' Articles==
 
===Author Sign-Up===
 
Everyone who has a working account on the ''Citizendium'' wiki may be designated an "author."  To become an author, a person must:
 
#Create a user account.
#Certify (by checking a box) either that the name in the user account is his or her own real name, or that he or she has received permission to use a pseudonym from the Constabulary.
#Certify (by checking a box) that he or she has read the ''Citizendium'' Statement of Fundamental Policies, and understands that as a member of the community he or she is bound by these policies.
#Create a public bio.
#Provide an e-mail address, which is then authenticated (i.e., the user receives an e-mail at the address provided, and follows the instructions to confirm that the e-mail was received).
#''In the future,'' contributors may have to identify an image to prove that the person isn't a "bot."  This isn't required now.
 
Potential authors are directed to [http://www.Citizendium.org/cfa.html this call for participation] for instructions.  As new accounts as they come into use, Constables review them; see [[CZ:New Account Review Procedure|New Account Review Procedure]].
 
===Author User Pages===
 
The purpose of user pages is to be helpful to the development of ''Citizendium''.  Therefore, authors' user pages will be regulated by the ''Citizendium'''s constabulary.  Authors (other than editors and constables) are required to provide only a statement about their personal interests and education.  Rough clues as to age and location might be helpful to other users but are optional.  '''Minors''' are asked not to include any personal information about themselves, including information about where they live, but they should still give some nonspecific information about their interests and education (no school names, please).
 
User pages must be limited to only the following sorts of information:
 
*Biographical information (your education, interests, etc.).
*Articles you have started or are watching.
*"To do" lists.
*Other helpful notes directly of personal use to you in your work on the ''Citizendium''.
*Editors and constables will require further information (see below).
 
Among items that will not be permitted on user pages (or subpages):
 
*Collections of quotations from, or commentary upon, other users or their work.
*Personal essays, even if they concern the ''Citizendium''.  (Such commentary will be possible on other forums--not the ''Citizendium'' user space.)
*Wikipedia-style "user boxes," of any sort.
*Wikipedia-style "barnstars."  If the ''Citizendium'' chooses any methods of recognizing users, it will different from this one favored by Wikipedia.
Authors may not edit each others' user pages unless there is an explicit message to that effect on a person's page.  Constables will have the authority to edit author user pages to make them in conformity with the above rules; they will, however, first make a request that the author him- or herself do it.
 
Note that we do not permit pseudonyms in "signatures" on the wiki; if you want to use a "signature" other than your full name, make sure it is part of your real name.
 
===Authoring Articles===
 
'''These policies apply to editors as well as authors.'''
Editors, when they create and make changes to articles, play the role of authors, and therefore the following policies apply to them as well as people who are not editors.
 
'''Articles are created collaboratively, and thus are unsigned.'''
Authors of articles will not be listed either on the article or on the article's discussion page.  The specific edits for which a contributor is responsible are listed in the article's history, however.
 
'''How to clean up Wikipedia articles.'''
We will be collecting important guidelines about how to clean up, mark up, strip down, and otherwise improve and prepare Wikipedia articles for the ''Citizendium'' on [[CZ:How to convert Wikipedia articles to Citizendium articles|how to convert Wikipedia articles to Citizendium articles]].
 
====Article Naming and Topic Choice====
 
'''Naming.'''
There are a number of article naming conventions we would like to adopt--many of them are the same as Wikipedia's--and which can be found at [[CZ:Naming Conventions|naming conventions]].  Perhaps the most important of these conventions is that a word in an article name should be lower case, unless is consistently written in the upper case.  Another important convention is that the common names for things should be used in preference to the recondite or obscure, although this may have a few exceptions.
 
'''Topic choice.'''
Generally, we may write about whatever we like in the ''Citizendium.''  There are, however, at least two basic constraints on the choice of article topic:
 
* ''Redundancy.''  If one topic is quite similar to another--for example, is just a variant on the name--then the less common topic name should in many cases be redirected to the more common topic name.  Thus, for example [[Great War]] redirects to [[World War I]].
 
* ''Maintainability.''  There are certain classes of articles that it is unlikely will ever be completely filled out, high-quality, and well-maintained.  The reason for this is simply that the ''Citizendium'' will never have an adequate number of contributors to do the work.  The "class" of article here depends on certain types that are in many cases fairly easy to spot.  For example, we should not write an article about an undistinguished, perfectly ordinary school unless we can write articles about ''all'' schools; we should not write an article about a county in Connecticut unless we can write articles about all counties in the United States; and so forth.  An example of a class of article that it seems we will never have the contributors to maintain is: ''all named roads.''  What the future has in store could surprise us, however, so it is important not to be dogmatic here.  See [[CZ:Maintainability|maintainability]].
 
Unlike in Wikipedia, there is no requirement on the ''Citizendium'' that article topics be "notable."  That is, we do not exclude topics solely on the ground that their topics do not strike contributors as being significant or important.  We recognize that what may completely trivial to one person might in fact be quite important to another, and that as a criterion "notability" is too vague to admit of consistent use.
 
====Article Standards====
The standards of a good ''Citizendium'' article are complex, and only summarized here:
 
*'''Encyclopedic.'''  Articles must resemble encyclopedia articles.  This means that there are many things that they are not, such as dictionary definitions or personal essays.  Some other ancillary, helpful reference material, in the form of tables and lists, are also permissible.  See [[CZ:What Citizendium articles are not|what Citizendium articles are not]].
*'''Accurate.'''  Articles are to be held up to a high standard of accuracy.  Editors should review every substantive claim made by an article, and be of the opinion that the claim is well justified by the relevant evidence, before approving the article.
*'''Neutral.'''  Articles must not take a stand on controversial issues.  They should report on controversies rather than engaging in them, reporting every side as sympathetically as possible consistent with the sympathetic representation of competing sides, and doling out limited space, where necessary, according to (in the case of mainly academic controversies) the proportion of opinion among experts or, in some broader controversies, the general public whose native language is the language of the compendium.  See [[CZ:Neutrality Policy|the neutrality policy]].
*'''Coherent.'''  Articles must be coherent or unified, that is, integrated by a single plan and style. An incoherent article appears written by different people or at different times, or with different conceptions about the article's proper structure and style. Typically, an incoherent article repeats information pointlessly and leaves out crucial information where an expert would expect to find it.
*'''Well-written.'''  Articles must not contain grammatical, spelling, usage, or other errors of poor writing.  In addition, articles should display the usual features of good writing; for example, they should define unusual terms that are introduced.  See [[CZ:Article Mechanics|article mechanics]].
*'''University-level.'''  Millions of topics can be treated at a level accessible to the average university student, or approximately the level of ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' or ''The New York Times.''  Certain topics cannot be treated except for specialists, and thus may be more advanced in presentation.  In the future, the Citizendium Foundation may start separate projects for a children's encyclopedia, as well as an encyclopedia aimed specifically for specialists.
*'''Not original research.'''  Articles should be aimed to serve as excellent encyclopedia articles, and thus are summations of what is known about a topic.  Hence, while articles may sum up their topics in novel ways, they should not do so in ways that imply new theories or analyses that in academic contexts would require peer review for publishing.  In other words, they should not contain original research or observations.  See [[CZ:Original Research Policy|the original research policy]].
*'''Family-friendly.'''  Articles should be appropriate for children.  While the ''Citizendium'' may, in the future, provide a means whereby "adult" fare can be included, it will be deleting large numbers articles on arguably obscene topics that may be found in Wikipedia.  See [[CZ:Family-Friendly Policy|policy regarding family-friendly content]].
*'''Legal and responsible.'''  Articles must not contain copyright violations, libellous statements, or grossly obscene information or images.  Persons found to have added such material to articles can be permanently banned from the project.  In particular, biographies of living persons must be handled a special way.  See [[CZ:Copyright Violation Policy|copyright violation policy]], [[CZ:Libel Policy|libel policy]], as well as [[CZ:Biographies of Living Persons|biographies of living persons]].
For complete article standards, see the documents linked above.  For a summary of the standards an ''approved'' article is said to meet, see [[CZ:Approval Standards|Approval Standards]].
 
====Stubs====
While it's all right to create a few stub articles (i.e., very short articles), particularly if you're committed to expanding them sometime soon, we would prefer that you focus on a smaller number of longer articles. It really does not do anyone good to have many very short articles. Stubs contain almost no information, and therefore not the information for which people might want to search; they "scratch the itch" of <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">red links</span>, when we would like that itch more fully scratched with a good article; they are a poor example to newer people, who follow the example by writing short articles of their own; and they arguably are a sign of vanity when used merely to add to the number of articles you've started.
 
===The Article Checklist===
 
Whenever you create a new article, or you notice that someone else has created a new article, add [[CZ:The Article Checklist|The Article Checklist]] to the talk page.  Note that the checklist can be found conveniently in the sidebar, under "project pages."  There are many advantages to using this checklist; most importantly, it places articles into numerous important categories, which can be viewed at [[:Category:Checklisted Articles]].
 
===Article Deletion Policy===
 
The general rule about article deletion is that articles should be deleted if their continued existence would create more work and frustration, in the long run, for either contributors or users, than deleting them.
 
Currently, the only group that has ''technical'' rights to delete articles are constables.  Constables may, without consulting an editor, delete articles that fit a certain objective description; but editor permission is required for deletion of other articles.
 
See [[CZ:Article Deletion Policy]] for elaboration.
 
===Standards of Professionalism===
 
The ''Citizendium'' differs significantly from other online communities in its low tolerance for incivility and disruption--in other words, unprofessional behavior.  It is essential, for there to be efficient content production and motivated contributors, that authors (i.e., everyone playing the author role) treat each other, and each other's work, respectfully.  See [[CZ:Professionalism|Professionalism]].
 
The importance of mature, professional behavior to the success of this project is such that uncivil and disruptive behavior can be quite quickly punished with banning.  See [[CZ:Constabulary Blocking Procedures|Constabulary Blocking Procedures]].
 
===Author Conflict Resolution===
 
'''The author conflict resolution process.''' Collaboration among strangers (even named strangers) via the faceless Internet can easily lead to conflict.  Authors are, therefore, urged to remain calm when another author changes their work in a way with which they disagree.  The policy resources of the project can help resolve many conflicts over content.  For example, and especially, the neutrality policy requires that warring sides each be allowed to have a say sympathetic to their cause; thus, there should rarely be arguments about what which side an article should be made to favor, since it should not favor any side.  When reference to the rules is not enough, authors are asked to follow the following "escalation path":
 
#Propose a reasonable compromise to the other party.
#If the dispute can be resolved by having a definitive answer to a content question, ask an editor who has previously either approved a version of the article or signed a decision about the article to make a decision on the dispute.
#If there is no such editor, or if the editor does not respond, contact the [[CZ:Discipline Workgroups|editorial workgroup]] in the (or a) relevant discipline.
 
'''When to call a constable.'''  Authors should understand the relative domains of authority of editors and constables: editors handle disputes about content, while constables handle disputes about behavior.  Constables should not be asked to settle disputes that can be settled by a definitive answer to a content question; in that case, an editor should be consulted.  Constables should be called when the dispute does not turn on a content question.  For example:
 
*An author is straightforwardly ignoring decisions made by an editor.
*An author is acting abusively in the discussion page.
*An author refuses to engage in any discussion about a disputed edit.
*An author is ''very obviously'' ignoring project rules, for example, someone simply deletes without explanation all information about a view with which he disagrees.
*Someone claiming to be an editor is ''very obviously'' not entitled to do so, for example, because the user page has no, nonsensical, or irrelevant links to evidence of qualification.
 
'''Deferring to editors.''' Generally speaking, authors are expected to defer to whomever is an editor for that article.  This means at least two things:
 
*When an editor has expressed a decision on an article's discussion page, that decision must be followed by authors, even if it is under appeal.
*When an editor has made a certain edit, and has specifically requested that some limited portion of text should not be changed (or that it must not be changed in certain limited ways), then authors should respect the request.  (Editors may not request that articles be simply left alone.)
 
''Note:'' expectation of deference applies only to an editor's own areas of expertise.  There is no obligation to defer in this way to an editor when the editor is writing on a subject outside of his or her area of expertise.  Of course, all authors should treat each other quite respectfully and, in that way, deferentially.
 
===The Appeals Process: Notes for Authors===
 
Authors--i.e., any contributor in good standing--have the right to appeal decisions of editors and constables.  Such appeals must not, however, be made frivolously, or merely because one disagrees with a decision.  Authors should attempt to appeal decisions only if they can clearly state precisely how an editor or constable has misused his or her authority.
 
Because of the open nature of the ''Citizendium'' project, and the potentially politicizable nature of the appeals process, controls must be in place to prevent abuse of the process.  Authors should be aware that, while appeals may be rejected with no ill consequences, appeals with no merit whatsoever may be dismissed.  The accumulation of dismissed appeals will be regarded by the Constabulary as evidence of participation in bad faith, and may contribute to an author's ejection from the project.
 
While records will be maintained of who has made what appeals, and their outcomes, it will be possible for authors to make appeals privately.  It is hoped that the option of private appeals will help protect authors from unfair retribution by editors or constables who resent their authority being questioned.
 
==Policy regarding Individual Editors==
 
Editors are entrusted with the content management of the ''Citizendium'' in their special areas of expertise.
 
In the "wiki" spirit of the ''Citizendium'', our editorial system is set up to make it as easy as possible for new editors to join in the fun, and to be effective guides, without "breaking" the wiki process.  To this end, we have adopted some unusual policies, with which potential editors should familiarize themselves.
 
Editors will perform three main functions: (1) decisionmaking and dispute resolution; (2) article approval; and (3) low-level administrative management of authors.  The following explains these functions.
 
===Decisionmaking and Dispute Resolution regarding Articles===
 
'''Decisionmaking, or the establishment of policies for individual articles.''' Editors may, in areas of their expertise, establish policies regarding what the article should cover (and what should be covered elsewhere), the general structure or narrative arc of the article, the specific wording of definitions (or constraints thereupon), and other such general policies.  In this function, editors are to take the lead in acting as planners or conceptualizers of the article.
 
'''Resolving content disputes among authors.'''  Authors inevitably find themselves in disagreement about how an article ought to read, or about other questions regarding the article.  Editors--whether when asked by authors, or on their own initiative--may undertake to resolve these disputes.  But this function must not be exercised lightly: cavalier decisions can easily cause resentment among, or drive away, valuable contributors, or explode into a larger and unnecessary "flame war."  Therefore, in resolving disputes, editors are encouraged to follow something like the following procedure:
 
#Read carefully what the parties to the dispute have written.
#Make your decision.
#In the discussion area, respond to the party or parties that lost the dispute.  Concede where they were right, and explain carefully and respectfully where they were wrong.
#Finally, and in a separate edit, in the "decisions" area state briefly and sign (with four tildes: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) your decision.  (This may not be necessary in every case, as for example when deciding to remove some idiosyncratic statement.)
Bear in mind that you ''need not'' go through this process when explaining every time you alter an author's work.  But all authors, ''editors included,'' are generally expected to explain ''significant'' changes they make, on the discussion page, partly as good recordkeeping, but mostly to justify their behavior politely to other contributors.
 
===Article Approval===
 
'''The meaning of editorial approval.'''  Editors may approve ''Citizendium'' articles, i.e., certify that they meet article standards.  When an editor approves of an article, he or she is ''explicitly claiming'' that that particular version of the article meets those standards, and that he is willing to stake his professional reputation on that claim.  The relevant standards are outlined in [[CZ:Approval Standards|approval standards]].When this occurs, the editor nominates the article for approval and the nomination template is placed.
 
'''Nomination for approval'''This template designates a date for an approved version to be frozen, and a draft of the article to be generated for further changes. Approval will occur if the template remains in place on the article so nominated on the date specified.
 
'''Cancellation of nomination for approval.'''  If another editor, who is also expert in the topic of the article, believes it does ''not'' meet the standards, he or she may either (1) discuss the problems on the talk page before the approval date,and try to have a consensus on a revised version (recommended), or (2) cancel the "nomination for approval" of the article by removing the template.  The second editor may take this action without consulting the first; but if the first insists, the issue of approval is resolved by the relevant editorial workgroup(s) as any editorial disputes are resolved (see [[CZ:Policy on resolving editorial disputes|policy on resolving editorial disputes]]).
 
'''The role of the Approvals Management Editor.'''  The Approvals Management Editor helps authors and editors achieve approval, copyedit approved articles, and communicates with the ''Citizendium'' community about newly approved, nearly approved, and newly proofed versions of approved articles. In addition, this editor facilitates co-ordination between constables and editors to effect approvals, and oversees proofs of approved articles, for copyediting purposes.  This editor is not ''required'' to be involved in the approval process, but rather, helps to keep things moving along smoothly.  Furthermore, he or she may appoint and train Assistant Approvals Management Editors, to help spread out any workload, if needed.
 
For more details see, [[CZ:Approval Process|approval process]].
 
===Low-Level Administrative Management of Authors===
 
'''Editors may not exercise constable authority over articles in their areas of expertise.'''  As editor of a particular article, you may not exercise constable powers, even if you are a constable; that is, you may not use constable powers to resolve problems.  Rather, you must call upon another constable.  The reason for this "separation of powers," of course, is the same reason that executive and judicial authorities are separated in developed nations: it prevents abuse of authority and provides a layer of mutual oversight.
 
'''Managing problem users.'''  Editors will encounter "problem users" and will certainly want to do something.  As editor, while patience is greatly appreciated, you need not go to superhuman lengths to tolerate low quality or bad faith work, or abusive behavior.  At the most extreme, you may recommend to the Constabulary that authors be banned.  But there are many things that editors can do before going to this length.  Just for example, if an author appears open to advice, you might recommend some background reading.  Or, without actually getting a constable involved, you might ask an author to take a break for a time to get proper perspective.  Finally, you might informally request that an author not edit an article, rather than "make it official" by involving the Constabulary.
 
'''Recommending content-based bans.'''  Some authors will prove to be very difficult to negotiate with in this way.  Therefore, if an editor feels that a certain author produces such a quantity of bad edits, which require so much "cleaning up" (if not outright deletion) that it would actually be better for the project if the person simply were not to work in an area (or on the project as a whole), then the editor may recommend that the author be banned from editing a certain article, from any of a group of articles, or from the ''Citizendium'' as a whole.  Only editors (individually or in editorial workgroups) may make such a determination.  The determination is privately given to the Constabulary, and what happens after that is determined by the Constabulary--see [[CZ:Banning Policy|policy on content-based bans]]--not the editor, although the editor may be asked explain points and offer evidence.  Note that extensive bans (such as bans from working on the entire website, or lifetime bans) will require testimony from more than just one editor; again, see [[CZ:Banning Policy|policy on content-based bans]].
 
'''Behavioral issues, not within the purview of editors.'''  Bear in mind that editors are not responsible for making recommendations about behavioral problems, but only those problems that stem from the quality of an editor's good faith work.  That is, editors may make enforcement recommendations based on the poor quality of work done in good faith, but their complaints about bad faith behavior will not be regarded as binding on constables in the way that content-based recommendations are.  Furthermore, in either case, it is the Constabulary that ultimately determines the length and breadth of a ban.
 
=== Editorial Dispute Resolution: Notes for Individual Editors ===
 
'''Collaborative and collegial behavior expected.'''  Editors are expected to work together collegially, as co-equals, on articles about which they can both legitimately claim expertise.  As with disputes among authors, the first step toward resolving a dispute is to see whether the editors cannot reach satisfactory compromise.
 
'''Constabulary is not to be called to settle editorial disputes.'''  The Constabulary should not be called, nor should it attempt to settle, disputes between editors of an article, unless it can be regarded as perfectly obvious that one person is not, in fact, an editor--that is, that it is obvious to a nonspecialist that one person claiming editorship has not established even a minimally plausible claim of possessing special knowledge of the topic in question.  Then the Constabulary may be called to consider the question of "minimally plausible" editorship.
 
'''Disputes referred to editorial workgroups.'''  When one editor (or both) has decided that a compromise is not in the offing, then one editor should inform the other that he or she is referring the matter to a particular editorial workgroup.  What happens after that is determined by the editorial workgroup (see [[CZ:Policy on resolving editorial disputes|policy on resolving editorial disputes]]).
 
See also [[CZ:Policy on resolving editorial disputes|policy on resolving editorial disputes]].
 
===Editor Registration===
 
'''Editor application procedure.''' Essentially, one sends an e-mail to personnel@citizendium.org with a CV and supporting weblinks.  One of a group of editors will review and approve the application, if you meet the requirements stated below.  The basic requirements can be found at http://www.citizendium.org/cfa.html.
 
'''Editorial personnel administrators.'''  For now, the editor-in-chief asks a diverse group of editors to review and make decisions on new editor applications.  See [[CZ:Editor Application Review Procedure|Editor Application Review Procedure]] for the practical rules and procedures that editorial personnel administrators follow.
 
'''Challenges to editorship claims.'''  Anyone--author, constable, or editor--may (privately) request that the relevant editorial workgroup do a minimal review of  someone's claim to editorship.  Such a request should, for now, be sent to the editor-in-chief.
 
'''How to apply for editorship in special cases.'''  ''This policy has yet to be implemented.''  If you are unable to provide links to online proof that you meet the minimum requirements for being a general editor, specialty editor, or topic informant (see below), you may apply to the editorial workgroup in your area.  If your application is accepted, an editor will edit your user page and declare you to be a general editor, specialty editor, or topic informant.
 
See [[policy on editor review]] for details.
 
===Categories of Editorship===
 
''The details here concerning "specialty editors" and editorship over "hobbyist" fields have not yet been implemented.''
 
'''What areas of editorship an editor may claim.'''  General editors may claim editorship, if they can demonstrate that they meet minimum standards, over one or more of the following.
 
#'''General topics:''' any topics that are broad/general background knowledge in the discipline in which they have their expertise (e.g., in philosophy, "philosophy," "ethics," "history of philosophy").
#'''Mid-range topics:''' the broad/general topics associated with their subdisciplines (e.g., in ethics, "right," "good," obligation," "utilitarianism").
#'''Specialized topics:''' beyond such general claims, those quite specific topics on which a person has published, given presentations, or done other professional work (e.g., Kant's moral theory, "categorical imperative," "Kingdom of Ends").
 
'''General editors vs. specialty editors.'''  Within a given discipline, such as Philosophy, History, and Engineering, we distinguish between general editors and specialty editors, with general editors for a discipline having general editorial authority over general and mid-range topics, and specialty editors having authority ''only'' over some relatively circumscribed, specialized topics.
 
'''Academic, professional, and non-academic (or hobbyist) fields.'''  We draw the usual distinction between academic and professional fields, and we distinguish both of these from non-academic (or hobbyist) fields.  Depending on the type of field, the requirements of editorship may differ.  See below.
 
'''Standards for general and specialty editorship in academic fields.'''  As a rule of thumb, general editors in academic fields are those who have recently done a substantial amount of research at a level expected of someone eligible for a tenure track position at a four-year college.  This means both of the following:
 
*Having received, or being no more than six months away from receiving, the degree typically expected of college professors in one's field; typically a Ph.D. or M.D.; or having tenure or a tenure-track position at an accredited, recognized four-year institution.
 
*Having published at least three papers in peer-reviewed publications, or having given five presentations at academic conferences, within the past five years.
 
The precise standards for specific disciplines, if different from the above, will be worked out and posted later.
 
Specialty editors need not have as extensive experience in a discipline as general editors.  But at the very least they must have a college education, and they must have demonstrable experience in their fields.  For example (this is apt to vary from field to field), many traditional academic fields might require both of the following:
 
*A Master's degree or other post-graduate (in the U.S., graduate) degree; or three or more years in a mostly-research position, post-bachelor's degree.
 
*Having published at least three papers in peer-reviewed publications, or having given five presentations at academic conferences, within the past five years, on some specific topic (i.e., the topic of the specialty editorship); or having worked in a "hands-on" way with the topic of specialization for three or more years.
 
The precise standards for specific disciplines, if different from the above, will be worked out and posted later.
 
'''General editorship in professional fields.'''  In engineering, law, medicine, journalism, computer programming, library science, and some other professional fields, frequently the "terminal degree" for professional work is not a doctorate, and expert members of these professions might not actually be employable as university faculty.  Nevertheless, some active members of these professions are very plausibly regarded as quite ''expert'' in their fields, and quite able to speak with authority about them, based not only on "book learning" but on practical experience.
 
In view of these facts, it is ''Citizendium'' policy that the requirements for general and specialty editorship may ''also'' be satisfied in another way for the professional disciplines.  In general, and this varies from field to field, general editorship in professional work may be satisfied by the combination of the following:
 
* The terminal degree for ''professional'' work in your field (perhaps as defined by your leading professional organization); in most professional fields, not a doctorate.
* A professional specialization, and at least three years of continuous, responsible employment engaged directly in that specialization, post-degree.
* Professional certification (if it exists and is required for all practicing members of your profession).
* At least two of the following: three different professional memberships; at least three presentations in your field; or two papers in peer reviewed journals or well-respected trade journals in your field; or another type of significant speaking, publishing, practicum, etc., expected of professionals in your field.
 
The precise standards for specific professions, if different from the above, will be worked out and posted later.
 
There is no similar way to establish specialty editorship in professional fields; but bear in mind that non-academic professionals may be able to establish the requirements for specialty editorship listed above.
 
'''Editorship over "non-academic" or hobbyist topics.'''  There are many topics that are of ''relatively'' little interest to academics, where the people in possession of the most knowledge about the topic are ''typically'' not university faculty at all.  This is the case for much of popular culture, and popular movements generally.  There are also many topics that are studied just as carefully by hobbyists as by academics--where the "experts" are just as likely to be non-academics as academics--such as, for example, kinds of folk music.  Consequently, if a person can demonstrate substantial expertise about such topics, they may become specialty editors for those specific topics.  ''Citizendium'' editorial staff will compile a table of such qualifications.
 
Merely as an indicative example, we might say that a person may claim a specialty editorship over a particular video game if he or she shows evidence of ''many'' of the following:
 
*Several articles published in leading magazines and journals about video gaming.
*Leadership positions in serious organizations about video gaming.
*Having achieved a high score, level, or rank within the gaming community.
*Writing modules, enhancements, etc., of the software.
*Employment with the company that produces the software.
 
===Topic Informants===
 
The subjects of biographies, persons who have had unique and important experience of historical events, CEOs, politicians, judges, inventors, and others who are (or were) close to the subjects written about shall enjoy a special status in the ''Citizendium'' community as topic informants.  While being a topic informant will not by itself confer the editorial privileges of decisionmaking and article approval, topic informants will enjoy several special rights.  See [[CZ:Policy on Topic Informants|policy on topic informants]].
 
===Other Notes for Editors===
 
'''No exclusive assignments.'''  It is ''not'' the case that there will be one editor per topic or subject.  So there can be as many editors of an article as arrive: the more the merrier.  All editors involved will be expected to work as co-equals, and via editorial workgroup mechanisms.
 
'''Editorship is always editorship of specific topics.'''  There are no global editors, so to speak; there are editors only with respect to articles in their specific areas of expertise.  Editors may serve as authors of articles outside their expertise, of course, but they may not, with respect to those articles, serve as editors.  We may anticipate that many editors will do a great deal of work on articles of which they are not editors--just not editor work.
 
'''Editors should not record their editorship on the articles themselves.'''  Editors should not place their names on an article in their purview, neither on the article itself nor on the discussion page, except as noted above, e.g., in signing a particular decision or in a particular article approval.  In other words, there will ''not'' be a special template or box on each article, or on its discussion page, that lists people who claim to be editors of a particular article.  Furthermore, the ''Citizendium'' management and contributors may not make such lists.  The purpose of this policy is to prevent the creation of exclusive groups of overseers for particular articles, and to ensure that article developments remains fully collaborative.  Editors ''may'', however, list articles that they regard as being in their editorial purview ''on their own user pages''.  Such claims are open to review by the relevant editorial workgroup.
 
'''No authority by proxy.'''  Editorial authority is not transferable.  Editors may not designate, for example, graduate students to act in their stead.  They may, of course, ask anyone to watch an article and follow their instructions; but even in such a case, such an assigned person must not attempt to speak on behalf of the editor and thereby claim editorial authority.  No one will be expected to, or should, respect claims to authority by proxy.
 
==Editorial Workgroups and Management==
 
===Editorial Council===
 
'''The Editorial Council, how chosen.'''  The ''Citizendium''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Editorial Council will deliberate about and decide questions of editorial policy.  While initially, all editors will be eligible for membership, for purposes of workability the Council may eventually wish to limit membership to a certain number of editors.  Editors will then be selected every one or two years by sortition from among volunteer editors.
 
'''Purview of the Council.'''  The Council will have broad authority to settle matters of editorial policy, including, but not necessarily limited to:
 
* Naming conventions
* Article standards
* Article deletion
* Article approval
* Editorial dispute resolution
* Editor registration
* The Topic Informant program
* The list of workgroups
* The process of creating new workgroups
* The process of choosing Chief Subject Editors
* Editor review policy (but editors may not be removed through deliberation of the entire body)
* The Editorial Council itself
 
The Editorial Council is ''not'' responsible for Constabulary policy, technical requirements (beyond those specifically connected to editor tools), technical priorities, author registration, or a future Citizendium Charter.
 
'''Operation of the Council.'''  The Council will deliberate via a mailing list.  If necessary, the list moderator will limit the number of messages, either total or from each person, to ensure that the total amount of discussion does not make participation prohibitively costly for many editors, and to ensure that no single person tends to dominate the discussion.  The list will begin unmoderated, but if there is too much mail, discussion too frequently gets off topic, or discussion becomes acrimonious too often, then it may become moderated.  Another option will be to create workgroups (subcommittees) devoted to particular topics.
 
'''Leadership of the Council.'''  The Editor-in-Chief will initially chair the Council.  Depending on the interest, time commitment, and suitability of various contributors to the Council's work, he may appoint a replacement.  In the future, the chair of the Council will be selected through a non-politicizable method to be decided by the Council.  The chair's primary function is to take a leading role in discussion and, when necessary, take a vote of the Council members, or (when a vote seems unnecessary) make an assessment of the sense of the Council.  Any Council member may challenge such an assessment and call for a vote, however.  While any Council member may propose that a certain issue be voted upon, it is the purview of the Chair to decide finally what competing positions shall be presented to the Council.
 
'''Outcome of decisions.'''  Until or unless the Council decides otherwise, any member of the Council may make changes to wiki pages that reflect the outcome of a vote or of the chair's sense of the Council.
 
'''Ejection of Council members.'''  Any Council member may ''privately'' request that the Chair put it to a vote that another member be removed.  It is then up to the Chair to decide whether to put this to a vote of a randomly selected group of five Council members.  This may be necessary if a particular member appears to be calling for more votes than other members can tolerate, unduly dominating discussion, or behaving in an uncollegial way.  The Chair may be removed by this process, but the decision and choice of voters is performed by the Editor-in-Chief or, in case they are the same person, the Chief Constable, and in this case, complaints from three Council members are needed.  A Council member may be ejected from the Council without necessarily losing his or her ''Citizendium'' editorship.  However, anyone who does lose his or her editorship is automatically removed from the Council.
 
'''Replacement of Council members.'''  Particularly if there is a limited number of seats on the Council, the Council will take efforts to fill an empty seat, by sortition, as soon as possible.
 
For more information, please see the [[CZ:Editorial Council|Editorial Council home page]].
 
===Editorial Workgroups in General===
 
'''Editorial workgroups, their types and purpose.''' In general, editorial workgroups are collections of ''Citizendium'' editors tasked with loose oversight of sets of articles.  Editorial workgroups are of three types: discipline, subdiscipline, and project.  Discipline and subdiscipline workgroups oversee specific subject areas, such as philosophy or particle physics, while project workgroups oversee certain classes of article, ''overlapping'' the discipline and subdiscipline workgroups, that have special requirements, such as biographies of living people.  The ''purpose'' of editorial workgroups is to act as a resource to, and arbiter of, contributors working on a set of wiki articles.  Workgroups may set policy and standards that are appropriate for that set of articles.  Workgroups may also set up meetings in physical space--for example, as part of a larger professional meeting.
 
'''The membership of a workgroup defined by the composition of its [mailing list/forum].'''
A [mailing lists/forum] will be set up for all editorial workgroups.  A workgroup is precisely defined by the roster of members who are on the [mailing list/forum] for that workgroup.  No other list will be regarded as official.
 
'''Workgroups reactive, not proactive; and other restrictions.'''
It makes up no part of the purpose of editorial workgroups to ''direct'' the work done on the wiki; that is, while workgroups may establish some general policy for an area, its oversight over actual work done is reactive, not proactive.  Similarly, it is far beyond the remit of a workgroup to make up new rules, that apply only to the articles in its care, that make it difficult for whole classes of people to work where, when, and as they want.  In short, workgroups will not be permitted to make the wiki operate any less as a wiki.  Furthermore, a workgroup may not establish policy that, if established at all, should plausibly govern a broader set of articles than the articles in the care of the workgroup.
 
'''Subject workgroups are divided into discipline and subdiscipline workgroups, but do not form a hierarchy.'''
A discipline workgroup, such as philosophy or physics, may form workgroups for subdisciplines, such as ethics or particle physics, and assign classes of articles to those workgroups.  While a discipline workgroup may establish policy and standards for all the articles in the discipline, that policy and those standards are interpreted by the subgroups; there is no chain of command or of appeal from subdiscipline workgroups to discipline workgroups.
 
'''Every article assigned to at least one workgroup.'''
Every ''Citizendium'' article will be assigned to at least one workgroup.  Some articles will be assigned to more than one workgroup; see the [[CZ:Policy on Shared Articles|policy on shared articles]].  Articles should not be assigned ''both'' to a discipline workgroup ''and'' a subdiscipline workgroup in the same discipline.  If it is thought that an article would be best managed by a subdiscipline workgroup that has not yet been created, then the article will be (at least temporarily) assigned to the discipline workgroup.
 
===Editorial Workgroup Formation and Function===
 
'''The formation of discipline workgroups.'''
A comprehensive set of discipline subject workgroups will be formed at the same time, by a process of rough consensus from among the editors subscribed to the "''Citizendium''-Editors" mailing list, and the results of which will be articulated by the Editor-in-Chief.
 
'''The formation of subdiscipline workgroups.'''
Each discipline workgroup will be expected, as one of its first tasks, to formulate a list of at least 10 and not more than 40 subdiscipline workgroups.  Subdiscipline workgroups should not be tasked with any responsibilities, however, until there is a quorum of at least three [or five??] members and at least one suitable Chief Subject Editor for the group.  See [[CZ:Policy on Starting Subdiscipline Workgroups|policy on starting subdiscipline workgroups]].
 
'''The formation and operation of project workgroups.'''
The Editor-in-Chief will, with advice from the community of editors on the ''Citizendium''-Editors mailing list, form project workgroups.  Each project workgroup will be managed by its own Project Leader, who will select the membership of the project workgroup, and to whom editors may apply.  For details on the operation of project workgroups, see [[CZ:Policy on Project Workgroups|policy on project project workgroups]].
 
'''Eligibility for workgroup membership.'''
All subject editors are automatically eligible for membership in a discipline workgroup, i.e., the discipline that would typically teach their specialization at a university.  Specialty editors are not eligible for workgroup membership, unless there is a workgroup that precisely corresponds to their specialization.  But (unlike authors) they may represent their own positions in dispute resolution before workgroups that govern their specialization.
 
'''Workgroup proliferation.'''
Note, we do not anticipate the indefinite growth of numbers of workgroups.  But it is entirely possible that, as subdiscipline workgroups grow in size, members may feel that they can be ''optimally'' split into further and smaller groups.  They are permitted to make this determination themselves, although subgroups may not be formed unless most of the anticipated subgroups would have quorums if constructed.  Note that articles are then to be reassigned to new subgroups, they are not to be regarded as under the control of the parent group.
 
'''General policy against overstandardization.'''
In making policies and standards, editors must constantly weigh the advantages of uniformity against the disadvantages of teaching and maintaining the policy or standard.  Generally, a policy or standard must be shown "pay for itself" in terms of ''clearly expressed and obvious'' advantage for the project.
 
===Chief Subject Editors===
 
'''Chief Subject Editor responsibilities.'''
For each discipline and subdiscipline workgroup, there will be a Chief Subject Editor, who is appointed for a one year term, and whose main function is to speak on behalf of the group.
 
'''Chief Subject Editor selection.'''
Chief Subject Editors will be selected through a specific process of [[sortition]], to keep editor relations as apolitical as possible.  Subject editors for a given discipline or subdiscipline declare their willingness to serve as Chief Subject Editor to a neutral third party (sortition administrator).  A list of such declared persons is then sent secretly to all members of the workgroup by the sortition administrator.  Members are instructed to submit "objections" to up to n% [TBD] (a specific number will be provided for each sortition) of the names on the list.  The sortition administrator then receives objections from any members.  If more than n% [TBD] (a specific number will be provided for each sortition) of the workgroup objects a certain person, then the sortition administrator removes the person from the list.  If no persons remain, then the list is repopulated by the person or persons who received the fewest objections.  If one person remains, that is the chief subject editor.  If more than one person remains, the sortition administrator uses a random number generator to determine which person is the chief subject editor.  No Chief Subject Editor may serve more than two consecutive terms.
 
===Editor Review===
 
[This section needs extensive review by the ''Citizendium''-Editors mailing list.]
 
===Dispute Resolution===
 
[This section will be drafted after further discussion with the ''Citizendium''-Editors mailing list.  This section should include sections regarding both '''Content disputes between authors''' (for which there aren't any editors on hand) and '''Content disputes between editors'''.
 
==Constabulary Policy==
 
[The policies and procedures for constables, outlined below, should be considered "provisional" and subject to change, as result of deliberations and, in particular, in light of the future adoption of a Charter.]
 
===The Role and Selection of Constables===
 
'''Constables, what.'''
Constables are members of the ''Citizendium'' community. While they can be authors, collaborating on articles, like most of the members of the ''Citizendium'', they have, in addition, the extra job of maintaining our site and enforcing our rules.
 
'''Constable responsibilities and tools.'''
In order for the constabulary to enforce our rules, they need to have access to special tools that other members do not. First, they can ban users from our site, for a time period proportionate to the damage the user has caused. Second, they can delete pages, which do not belong on the site for various reasons. For example, constables can delete pages that have “problem” material on them or pages that have been vandalized. Further, not only can they delete pages, but they can also “rollback” them, as well, restoring the page to an earlier version, before the damage was done. All these actions require special tools to perform them.
 
'''Qualifications of constables.'''
One of the first matters to consider is the qualifications, if any, of a constable. Although we might ideally specify such qualities as maturity, honesty, wisdom, and understanding, these qualities are not easy to quantify. In addition, in these early days of the ''Citizendium'', most of us barely know each other. In place of such qualifications, we must choose some that can be validated. Therefore, it has been decided that constables must, of course, have all of the qualifications of ''Citizendium'' members, and, in addition, have attained the age of 25 years old and be a college graduate. It is possible that we decide to consider certain life experiences as equivalent to a college education, but, initially, these will be the qualifications.
 
'''Selection of constables.'''
Since many of the ''Citizendium''’s members will be both 25 years old and college graduates, we need additional means to designate which of these members will be constables. The proposed selection system involves the following steps. To become a constable, a member must first be nominated for this position either by him/herself or by another member. Further, two other members must second this nomination. Finally, the nominated person must receive no more than one detractor. Such a simple system is appropriate for selection at the beginning. As members get to know each other, this system can be elaborated, say, to include responses by the nominated members to negative comments, which would be presented anonymously by a committee of the constabulary. And, perhaps, this committee of the constabulary will make the final choice, privately.
 
'''No more constables than necessary.'''
It is important that we do not have an "over-regulated" wiki, because that would damage the robustness of the collaborative process.  Therefore, we will select as many constables as are needed to keep the project running smoothly, but no more.  The Chief Constable will make the determination of the proper number of constables.
 
(Before we discuss the particular procedures and policies for constables, one must bring up a problem that has arisen to a great degree in other open, collaborative projects. And, we solicit suggestions on how to prevent this problem from developing in the ''Citizendium''. The problem, put simply, is how to prevent the constabulary from becoming an in-group or “clique” of power-hungry members? Some ideas are:
 
#Set a term for constables, say 1 or 2 years, and require that they be re-elected if they want to continue as constables.
#Have an appeal process, in which, banned parties can appeal constables’ decisions. This is part of the system already. Perhaps, make this stronger, so that, if a constable loses three appeals, he is put on probation. If he loses one more appeal, he is no longer a constable.
#Any suggestions?  Discuss on ''Citizendium''-L or the forums.]
 
===Policies and Procedures for Constables===
 
For more informal, constable-oriented instructions, see [[CZ:Constabulary Home|Constabulary Home]].
 
[N.B. Again, all Policies and Procedures are to be considered provisional and subject to change.]
 
'''Banning users for using pseudonyms that are not anyone's real name.'''
Users who use user names that are not even names are to be banned immediately. This is the case of user names like “Starfinder” and “Laptop.” Likewise, users who are found to be using pseudonyms as user names are to be banned and instructed to go and apply for a pseudonym.
 
'''Improper names in the preferences nickname box.'''
Users who have placed pseudonyms within the "nicknames" box in their preferences are to be warned, instructed that they may apply for a pseudonym, and then banned if they fail to fix the problem. "Jon Fields" would be an example of acceptable usage of the nickname box for someone named Jonathan Walter Fields.
 
'''Pseudonym workgroup.'''
The constables will establish a workgroup and procedures for creating pseudonyms.  Further, their use will only be permitted for good reasons, such as the user is a political dissident, or the user wishes to articulate views that might place him/ her and his/her family in physical danger.
 
'''Banning users for vandalism, bad faith edits, and copyright violations.'''
Any insertion of obscenities, bad faith edits, or copyright violations into articles will be considered vandalism. For example, adding obscene text or images into an article or arbitrarily deleting part of an article are considered as vandalism. Similarly, adding material that represents a copyright violation will be deemed a bad faith edit.  Any constable who notices vandalism or a bad faith edit in an article will swiftly remove it and ban the user who is responsible for an appropriate period of time.
 
'''Deleting articles.'''
In any case that an editor considers an article to be of poor quality and not worth fixing, he/she may request that a constable delete the article. It is expected that no other editor in the field will object. However, if there should be a disagreement among editors over the deletion of an article, an editorial workgroup will try to reach agreement.  Then, if an editorial workgroup decides to delete an article, it will call upon the constabulary to enforce this decision.
 
There are also large classes of articles that may be deleted by constables acting on their own recognizance.  See [[CZ:Article Deletion Policy]] for elaboration.
 
'''Giving editors article approval permissions.'''
If a new editor wants permission to approve article, he/she needs to have this permission reviewed by the constabulary. If the constabulary has questions over whether to issue this permission, it refers the issue to an editorial workgroup.
 
===Checks on Constables===
 
'''Constables should never rule in their area of expertise or in cases in which they have been personally involved.'''  In such a case, the constable must, without exception, recuse him or herself.  This is to maintain a clear "separation of powers" between editorial and constabulary roles. Constables are also forbidden from banning users with whom they have been collaborating, i.e., in cases in which they are personally involved.  In such a case, a constable must call an uninvolved constable.  Constables must strictly avoid ''even the appearance'' of using their constable authority to gain advantage in content disputes.  As well, constables should avoid contributing to articles when two-thirds of constables acting as editors or authors are already involved.  This is to safeguard that a sufficient number of constables will be available to act as constables in said articles.
 
'''Right of appeal.'''
Any user may appeal a ban by a constable. Such appeals will be heard by a special group of constables.  The appeal process may be public or private; this decision is made by the banned user. Further, if the user loses three appeals of constables’ decisions (and is banned temporarily and returns), he loses his right to appeal thereafter.  Similarly, if a constable’s decisions are successfully appealed three times, he is put on probation. Any further loss of an appeal by such a constable will result in the dismissal of the user as a constable.
 
===Some Rules of Behavior Enforced by Constables===
 
In general, see [[CZ:Constabulary Rules Enforcement Procedures|Constabulary Blocking Procedures]].
 
'''No initialisms.'''
The Policy pages of the ''Citizendium'' may not contain any three-letter “initialisms.” For example, “IAR,” “NOR,” and “AFD” are three letter initialisms. These expressions are a considerable problem for new users who are unfamiliar with them. The first time a user introduces such an expression in a policy page, he/she will be warned and the expression removed. The second time a user repeats this offense, he will be banned for a suitable amount of time.
 
'''Rules regarding user pages.'''
The content of user pages and their associated "talk pages" must conform to certain rules.  [[See above.]]  Constables will enforce these rules about the content of user and talk pages.
 
'''Instructions.'''
The tools constables will use for these procedures are the same as for Wikipedia. Please see Wikipedia’s pages on Administrators:
 
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators Administrators].  This page is an explanation of Role of Administrators
 
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_how-to_guide Admin's how-to guide].  This page is an explanation of administrator tools and how to use them
 
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_reading_list Admin's reading list].  This page is an explanation of the policies of Wikipedia that administrators enforce.  This may be helpful, but constables must bear in mind that the ''Citizendium'' will have different polices.
 
== Items to Add ==
 
* Something about Editorial Workgroup Guidelines, as illustrated for example on [[CZ:Engineering Workgroup]] (see Article Guidelines) and on [[CZ:Classics Workgroup]].

Latest revision as of 10:45, 7 March 2024

Parts of this document were moved to the following pages:

In time, we will be redirecting links to CZ:Policy Outline instead to the above pages, or else other, more relevant pages.

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Archive:Policy_Outline&oldid=926649"