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[[Image:Writeathon.png|left]] On Wednesday, June 4th we're inviting all Citizens to come to the wiki, start a new article, and edit somebody else's new article.  It's a '''[[CZ:Monthly Write-a-Thon|Write-a-Thon]]'''!  It's a wiki-whoopie, a cyber-social, a collaborative kegger!  '''Are you new?'''  That's a good day to get a [[CZ:Quick Start|Quick Start]]!
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[[Image:Water drop crop.jpg|center|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:Water drop crop.jpg/credit|{{Water drop crop.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Each sentence you add is another drop in an expanding sea of words.]]


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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''Phosphorus''' is a chemical [[element]] with the [[atomic number]] Z = 15. Unlike other elements in group VA of the [[periodic table]], phosphorus is never found as a pure element in nature, but only in combination with other elements.


It is present in all living organisms in the form of [[organophosphate]]s and as calcium phosphates such as [[hydroxyapatite]] (Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>) and [[fluoroapatite]] (Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>F<sub>2</sub>), substances found in teeth and bones.  Many cell signaling cascades in living organisms operate by a series of phosphorylation events in which a phosphate group (PO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2&minus;</sup> is either added to a protein by a [[kinase]] or removed from a protein by a [[phosphorylase]]. 


Both [[red phosphorus]] and [[tetraphosphorus trisulfide]] are used in common matches because they are easily ignited by heat.  However, the [[agriculture|agricultural industry]] is the largest user of phosphorus in the form of [[fertilizer]]s. The radioactive isotope <sup>32</sup>P is used to radiolabel compounds for scientific studies.  Phosphorus and arsenic share many chemical properties.


== Production of elemental phosphorus ==
Calcium phosphate (phosphate rock), mostly mined in Florida and North Africa, can be heated to 1200-1500 Celsius with sand, which is mostly SiO<sub>2</sub>, and coke (impure carbon) to produce vaporized tetraphosphorus, P<sub>4</sub>, (mp. 44.2 C) which is subsequently condensed into a white power under water to prevent oxidation.  Even under water, [[white phosphorus]] is slowly converted to the more stable red phosphorus [[allotrope]] (mp. 597C).  Both the white and red allotropes of phosphorus are insoluble in water.<font size=1>[[Phosporus|['''more...''']]]</font>




=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
|rowspan=2 style="width:50%; border:1px solid #e9e9e9; border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05); margin:0; padding:0; background:#fafafa; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:0 10px 10px;  -webkit-border-radius:10px;  -webkit-border-top-left-radius:0; -moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding;"|
'''Hirohito''' (裕仁) or the '''Showa Emperor''' (昭和天皇 ''Shoowa Tennoo'', 1901-1989) was the 124th emperor of [[Japan]], 1926-89, and had the longest reign. He was the symbolic leader of his nation through prosperity (1926-29), the Great Depression (1929-41), victory and defeat in [[World War II, Pacific|World War II]] (1941-45), the [[American Occupation]] (1945-50), and the rapid recovery of Japan to become an economic superpower (1950-86).<font size=1>[[Hirohito|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
<p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total]])</small>
</p>
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ONGOING CLEANUP:<br>
<p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:2px;">
[[:Category:External_Articles|Ext]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:External_Articles}}''')</font>&nbsp;|&nbsp;
[[:Category:Pages with reference errors|Refs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Pages with reference errors}}''')</font><br>
[[:Category:Lemma Article|Definition only]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Lemma Article}}''')</font><br />
</p>
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----<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
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<!-- <s>Strike-through text</s> -->
<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Latest revision as of 14:54, 4 September 2024

New Blog Post
Why is Citizendium deleting articles?


Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

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Article counts

Citable (145)
Developed (1,128)
Developing (7,431)
Stubs (7,700)
(16,527 total)


ONGOING CLEANUP:

Ext (262) |  Refs (133)
Definition only (3,899)

Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do.
— Dr. Benjamin Spock (1903–1998)
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing


Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. Public figures who have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"