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|artist = [[Led Zeppelin]] | |artist = [[Led Zeppelin]] | ||
|released = 22 October 1969 (US), 31 October 1969 (UK) | |released = 22 October 1969 (US), 31 October 1969 (UK) | ||
|recorded = <small>May - August 1969 at<br>Sunset Sound, Los Angeles;<br>Olympic Studios, London.;<br>Groove Studios, New York;<br>Mirror Sound, Los Angeles;<br>Mystic Studios, Los Angeles;<br>Morgan Studios, London;<br>A&R Studios, New York;<br>Juggy Sound Studio, New York;<br>Mayfair Studios, New York.<br>Mixed at A&R Studios, New York.</small> | |recorded = <small>May - August 1969 at<br />Sunset Sound, Los Angeles;<br />Olympic Studios, London.;<br />Groove Studios, New York;<br />Mirror Sound, Los Angeles;<br />Mystic Studios, Los Angeles;<br />Morgan Studios, London;<br />A&R Studios, New York;<br />Juggy Sound Studio, New York;<br />Mayfair Studios, New York.<br />Mixed at A&R Studios, New York.</small> | ||
|genre = Hard rock, blues rock, folk rock | |genre = Hard rock, blues rock, folk rock | ||
|language = English | |language = English | ||
|length = 41 | |length = 41 minutes 24 seconds | ||
|label = Atlantic Records | |label = [[Atlantic Records]] | ||
|catalogue = Atlantic SD 8236 (US), Atlantic 588 198 (UK) | |catalogue = Atlantic SD 8236 (US), Atlantic 588 198 (UK) | ||
|producer = [[Jimmy Page]] | |producer = [[Jimmy Page]] | ||
|engineer = George Chkiantz, Chris Huston, Andy Johns, | |engineer = George Chkiantz, Chris Huston, Andy Johns, and Eddie Kramer | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{TOC|Right}} | {{TOC|Right}} | ||
'''''Led Zeppelin II''''' is the second [[studio album]] by [[England|English]] [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Led Zeppelin]], released 22 October 1969 on [[Atlantic Records]]. Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969. | '''''Led Zeppelin II''''' is the second [[studio album]] by [[England|English]] [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Led Zeppelin]], released 22 October 1969 on [[Atlantic Records]]. Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969. | ||
Upon release, ''Led Zeppelin II'' earned a considerable amount of sales and was Led Zeppelin's first album to reach number | Upon release, ''Led Zeppelin II'' earned a considerable amount of sales and was Led Zeppelin's first album to reach number one on the ''[[Billboard]]'' 200 chart. It also sold over 500,000 copies in its first year of release. In 1970, the album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package]]. On 15 November 1999, it was certified [[RIAA certification|duodecuple platinum]] in sales by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), following sales in excess of twelve million copies. Following its initial reception, it has been recognized by writers and music critics as one of the greatest and most influential rock albums recorded. ''Led Zeppelin II'' has also been cited by critics as a blueprint for 1970s hard rock. | ||
==Conception== | ==Conception== | ||
===Background=== | ===Background=== | ||
Following a successful | Following a successful debut album and a breakthrough first American tour, Atlantic Records was eager to capitalise on the success and was pressuring the band to finish a follow-up album. ''Led Zeppelin II'' was conceived during a hectic and much-travelled period of the Led Zeppelin's career from January through August 1969, when they completed four [[Europe]]an and three [[North America|American]] [[Led Zeppelin concert tour chronology|concert tours]]. The album furthered the lyrical themes established on their debut album, ''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'' (1969). This progress helped create a work that became more widely acclaimed and influential than its predecessor. With elements of [[blues]] and [[folk music]], it also exhibits the band's evolving musical style of blues-derived material and their [[guitar]] and [[riff]]-based sound. | ||
Each song was separately recorded, mixed and produced at various studios in the United Kingdom and the United States. The album was literally written on the road and, during periods of a couple of hours in between concerts, a studio was booked and the recording process begun, resulting in a sound with spontaneity and urgency through necessity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Craig|year=1996|title=The Billboard Book of Number One Albums: The Inside Story Behind Pop Music's Blockbuster Records | Each song was separately recorded, mixed and produced at various studios in the United Kingdom and the United States. The album was literally written on the road and, during periods of a couple of hours in between concerts, a studio was booked and the recording process begun, resulting in a sound with spontaneity and urgency through necessity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Craig|year=1996|title=The Billboard Book of Number One Albums: The Inside Story Behind Pop Music's Blockbuster Records|location=New York|publisher=Billboard Books|pages=118|isbn=978-0-8230-7586-7}}</ref> Page and Plant scribbled lyrics down in hotel rooms such as 'Ramble On' and 'Whole Lotta Love'. Whenever the band had a day off during the tour, Page would find an nearby studio, and the band would go work there from early evening to late at night. On several occasions, Page and Richard Cole (Led Zeppelin's road manager) would catch a plane into New York, grab a taxi to A&R studios, spend half a day there working on the unfinished tapes, and then fly out to the next concert. | ||
Some of the recording studios used by the band were not the most advanced. One studio in [[Vancouver]], credited as 'a hut', | Some of the recording studios used by the band were not the most advanced. One studio in [[Vancouver]], credited as 'a hut', had an eight-track set up that did not even have proper headphone facilities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=29|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schulps|first=Dave|date=October 1977|title=Jimmy Page: The Trouser Press Interview|url=http://www.teachrock.org/resources/article/jimmy-page-the-trouser-press-interview/|journal=Trouser Press|publisher=Trans-Oceanic Trouser Press|volume=4|issue=22|issn=0164-1883}}</ref> The group's [[lead singer]] [[Robert Plant]] later discussed the writing and recording process, stating 'It was crazy really. We were writing the numbers in hotel rooms and then we'd do a rhythm track in [[London, United Kingdom|London]], add the vocal in New York, [[overdub]] the [[harmonica]] in Vancouver and then come back to finish mixing at New York.'<ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon|title=[[Led Zeppelin: The Concert File]]|edition=Revised|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2005|pages=68|isbn=978-1-84449-659-4}}</ref> '[[Thank You (song)|Thank You]]', '[[The Lemon Song]]' and '[[Moby Dick (song)|Moby Dick]]' were overdubbed during the tour, while the [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] of '[[Whole Lotta Love]]' and '[[Heartbreaker (song)|Heartbreaker]]' was also done on tour. Page later stated 'In other words, some of the material came out of rehearsing for the next tour and getting new material together.'<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schulps|first=Dave|date=October 1977|title=Jimmy Page: The Trouser Press Interview|url=http://www.teachrock.org/resources/article/jimmy-page-the-trouser-press-interview/|journal=Trouser Press|publisher=Trans-Oceanic Trouser Press|volume=4|issue=22|issn=0164-1883}}</ref> | ||
===Recording=== | ===Recording=== | ||
Recording sessions for the album took place at Olympic and Morgan Studios in London, England, A&M, Quantum, Sunset, Mirror Sound and Mystic Studios in [[Los Angeles, California]], Ardent Studios in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], A&R, Juggy Sound, Groove and Mayfair Studios in [[New York City]], and a 'hut' in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].<ref>Lewis | Recording sessions for the album took place at Olympic and Morgan Studios in London, England, A&M, Quantum, Sunset, Mirror Sound and Mystic Studios in [[Los Angeles, California]], Ardent Studios in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], A&R, Juggy Sound, Groove and Mayfair Studios in [[New York, New York|New York City]], and a 'hut' in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=29|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> Production was entirely credited to [[lead guitarist]], songwriter, and producer [[Jimmy Page]], while it also served as Led Zeppelin's first album to utilise the skills and recording techniques of engineer [[Eddie Kramer]]. Led Zeppelin expert Dave Lewis wrote of the album's production, stating 'That the album turned out to be such a triumph, in particular for a production quality that still sounds fresh today, was in no small way due to the successful alliance with Page and Kramer in the control room.'<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=30|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> This partnership was particularly exhibited in the central section of the track 'Whole Lotta Love'. Kramer later said, 'The famous Whole Lotta Love mix, where everything is going bananas, is a combination of Jimmy and myself just flying around on a small console twiddling every knob known to man.'<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=31|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> | ||
In another interview, Kramer later gave great credit to Page for the sound that was achieved, despite the inconsistent conditions in which it was recorded, stating 'We did that album piece-meal. We cut some of the tracks in some of the most bizarre studios you can imagine, little holes in the wall. Cheap studios. But in the end it sounded bloody marvellous. There was a unification of sound on ''[Led] Zeppelin II'' because there was one guy in charge and that was Mr. Page.'<ref>'Their Time is Gonna Come', ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin'', 2008, p. 21.</ref> Page and Kramer spent two days mixing the album at A&R Studios. | In another interview, Kramer later gave great credit to Page for the sound that was achieved, despite the inconsistent conditions in which it was recorded, stating 'We did that album piece-meal. We cut some of the tracks in some of the most bizarre studios you can imagine, little holes in the wall. Cheap studios. But in the end it sounded bloody marvellous. There was a unification of sound on ''[Led] Zeppelin II'' because there was one guy in charge and that was Mr. Page.'<ref>'Their Time is Gonna Come', ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin'', 2008, p. 21.</ref> Page and Kramer spent two days mixing the album at A&R Studios. | ||
==Composition== | ==Composition== | ||
The finished tracks reflect the raw, evolving sound of the band and their ability as live performers. The album has been noted for featuring a further development of the lyrical themes established by singer [[Robert Plant]] on Led Zeppelin's | The finished tracks reflect the raw, evolving sound of the band and their ability as live performers. The album has been noted for featuring a further development of the lyrical themes established by singer [[Robert Plant]] on Led Zeppelin's debut album, creating a work which would become more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential. ''Led Zeppelin II'' also features experimentation with other musical styles and approaches, as on the alternately soft-and-loud '[[What Is and What Should Never Be]]' and '[[Ramble On]]' (which featured Page's [[Steel-string guitar|acoustic guitar]]), or the ballad 'Thank You'. With its mysterious atmospherics, 'Ramble On' helped develop hard rock's association with [[fantasy]] themes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=34|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> This musical direction would later culminate on the band's [[Led Zeppelin IV|untitled fourth album]]. Conversely, the instrumental 'Moby Dick' features an extended drum solo by [[John Bonham]], which would be extended further during [[Led Zeppelin concert tour chronology|Led Zeppelin concert]] performances.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=35|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> | ||
[[Jimmy Page]]'s contribution to this album was significant, as his [[electric guitar]] solo on the song 'Heartbreaker' was emulated by many younger rock guitarists, and exemplifies the group's intense musical attack.<ref>Lewis | [[Jimmy Page]]'s contribution to this album was significant, as his [[electric guitar]] solo on the song 'Heartbreaker' was emulated by many younger rock guitarists, and exemplifies the group's intense musical attack.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=34|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> ''Led Zeppelin II'' is the band's first album to feature Page playing a 1959 [[Gibson Les Paul]], the electric guitar he helped make famous. Page's innovative recording and drum [[microphone|miking]] effects on tracks such as 'Ramble On' and 'Whole Lotta Love' also demonstrated his considerable skill, resourcefulness and originality as a [[Record producer|producer]]. Band member and multi-instrumentalist [[John Paul Jones]] later discussed Page's contributions, stating: | ||
{{Quote|Jimmy started coming into his own as a producer around 'Whole Lotta Love'. The [[backwards echo]] stuff. A lot of the microphone techniques were just inspired. Everybody thinks he goes into the studio with huge walls of amps, but he doesn't. He uses a really small amp and he just mic's it up really well, so it fits into a sonic picture.<ref>'I first met Jimmy on Tolworth Broadway, holding a bag of exotic fish...', ''[[Uncut magazine|Uncut]]'', January 2009, p. 40.</ref>}} | {{Quote|Jimmy started coming into his own as a producer around 'Whole Lotta Love'. The [[backwards echo]] stuff. A lot of the microphone techniques were just inspired. Everybody thinks he goes into the studio with huge walls of amps, but he doesn't. He uses a really small amp and he just mic's it up really well, so it fits into a sonic picture.<ref>'I first met Jimmy on Tolworth Broadway, holding a bag of exotic fish...', ''[[Uncut magazine|Uncut]]'', January 2009, p. 40.</ref>}} | ||
The album's material also marked a certain honing of singer Robert Plant's vocal approach,<ref>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin box set)|The Complete Studio Recordings]]'', p. 9.</ref> and | The album's material also marked a certain honing of singer Robert Plant's vocal approach,<ref>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin box set)|The Complete Studio Recordings]]'', p. 9.</ref> and signalled his emergence as a serious songwriter. Plant's name had previously been absent from the songwriting credits of the band's first album due to the previous contractual commitments that resulted from his earlier association with [[CBS Records]] as a solo artist. His influence on tracks such as 'What Is and What Should Never Be' and 'Ramble On' were pointers to the musical future of Led Zeppelin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=30|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> | ||
==Album sleeve design== | ==Album sleeve design== | ||
The album sleeve design was from a poster by David Juniper, who was simply told by the band to come up with an idea that was 'interesting'. His design was based on an old photograph of the [[Jasta 11]] Division of the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] during [[First World War]], the famed [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War | The album sleeve design was from a poster by David Juniper, who was simply told by the band to come up with an idea that was 'interesting'. His design was based on an old photograph of the [[Jasta 11]] Division of the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] during [[First World War]], the famed [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War I)|Flying Circus]] led by [[Manfred von Richthofen]], the [[Red Baron]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=30|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> After the picture was tinted, the faces of the four members of the band were airbrushed on from a 1969 publicity photograph, as well as the faces of band manager [[Peter Grant]] and tour manager [[Richard Cole]]. The woman in the picture is [[Glynis Johns]], the mother from ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''. Her presence in the photo is an obvious play on the name of recording engineer [[Glyn Johns]]. The other face added was that of bluesman [[Blind Willie Johnson]]. The cover also pictured the outline of a [[Zeppelin]] on a brown background, which gave the album its nickname 'Brown Bomber'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=30|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> | ||
==Release and reception== | ==Release and reception== | ||
The album was released on 22 October 1969 on [[Atlantic Records]], with advance orders of 400,000 copies.<ref>Welch | The album was released on 22 October 1969 on [[Atlantic Records]], with advance orders of 400,000 copies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|year=1996|chapter=Conquest of America|title=Led Zeppelin|location=London|publisher=Carlton Books|pages=40|isbn=978-1-85868-271-6}}</ref> The advertising campaign was built around the slogan 'Led Zeppelin II Now Flying'. Commercially, ''Led Zeppelin II'' was the band's first album to hit number one in the [[United States of America]], where it remained for seven weeks. By April 1970 it had registered three million American sales, whilst in Britain it enjoyed a 138 week residence on the album chart, climbing to the top spot in February 1970.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=30|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> | ||
The album also yielded Led Zeppelin's biggest hit, with the track '[[Whole Lotta Love]]'. This song reached number | The album also yielded Led Zeppelin's biggest hit, with the track '[[Whole Lotta Love]]'. This song reached number four on the ''Billboard'' Top 100 in January 1970, after [[Atlantic Records]] went against the group's wishes by releasing a shorter version on 45. The single's [[B-side]], '[[Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)]]', also hit the Billboard chart, peaking at number 65 in April 1970. The album helped establish Led Zeppelin as an international concert attraction, as for the next year, the group continued to tour relentlessly, initially performing in clubs and [[ballroom]]s, then in larger [[auditorium]]s and eventually [[stadium]]s as their popularity grew. | ||
In 1970 the album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|best album package]].<ref> | In 1970 the album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|best album package]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Case|first=George|year=2011|chapter=It's Not as Hard as It Seems|title=Led Zeppelin FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Greatest Hard Rock Band of All Time|location=Milwaukee|publisher=Backbeat Books|pages=210|isbn=978-1-61713-025-0}}</ref> On 10 November 1969, the album was certified [[RIAA certification|gold]] in sales by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), and, in 1990, it earned platinum status after selling over one million copies. By 14 November 1999, ''Led Zeppelin II'' had sold over twelve million copies and was certified duodecuple platinum by the RIAA.<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS RIAA: Gold & Platinum]. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.</ref> | ||
==Influence== | ==Influence== | ||
''Led Zeppelin II'' has been cited by music writers as a blueprint for 1970s [[hard rock]]. Blues-derived songs like 'Whole Lotta Love', 'Heartbreaker', 'The Lemon Song' and '[[Bring It On Home (Led Zeppelin song)|Bring It On Home]]' have been seen as representing standards of the genre, where the [[guitar]]-based [[riff]] (rather than [[vocal]] [[Refrain|chorus]] or [[Verse-chorus form|verses]]) defines the song and provides the key hook.<ref> | ''Led Zeppelin II'' has been cited by music writers as a blueprint for 1970s [[hard rock]]. Blues-derived songs like 'Whole Lotta Love', 'Heartbreaker', 'The Lemon Song' and '[[Bring It On Home (Led Zeppelin song)|Bring It On Home]]' have been seen as representing standards of the genre, where the [[guitar]]-based [[riff]] (rather than [[vocal]] [[Refrain|chorus]] or [[Verse-chorus form|verses]]) defines the song and provides the key hook.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fast|first=Susan|year=2001|chapter=The Wanton Song|title=In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music|location=New York, NY|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=141|isbn=978-0-19-511756-1}}</ref> Such arrangements and emphasis were at the time atypical in popular music. Page's guitar solo in 'Heartbreaker' featuring [[tapping|rapid-fire runs]] of notes tapped only by the left hand, was a major inspiration to the later work of metal soloists and '[[shred_guitar|shredders]]' such as [[Eddie Van Halen]] and [[Steve Vai]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Pete|year=1997|title=Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists|location=San Francisco|publisher=Hal Leonard|pages=165|isbn=978-0-7935-4042-6}}</ref> As such, the album is generally considered to be very influential on the development of rock music, being an early forerunner of [[Heavy metal (music)|heavy metal]], and inspiring a host of other rock bands including Aerosmith, Van Halen and Guns N' Roses. | ||
Since its initial critical reception, ''Led Zeppelin II'' has been acknowledged by many critics and music writers as one of the most influential albums of rock music, and has earned several accolades from music publications, frequently placed at or near the top of 'best album' lists.<ref>[http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/A155.htm Acclaimed Music: Led Zeppelin II]. AcclaimedMusic. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.</ref> In 1989, ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine ranked the album number 5 on its list of | Since its initial critical reception, ''Led Zeppelin II'' has been acknowledged by many critics and music writers as one of the most influential albums of rock music, and has earned several accolades from music publications, frequently placed at or near the top of 'best album' lists.<ref>[http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/A155.htm Acclaimed Music: Led Zeppelin II]. AcclaimedMusic. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.</ref> In 1989, ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine ranked the album number 5 on its list of the 25 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2000, ''[[Q magazine|Q]]'' magazine placed ''Led Zeppelin II'' at number 37 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever.<ref>[http://www.tower.com/led-zeppelin-ii-cd/wapi/106059568 Tower: Led Zeppelin II]. Tower.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.</ref> In 2003, the album was ranked number 75 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of [[The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|the 500 greatest albums of all time]]. | ||
===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
| Line 116: | Line 116: | ||
|Robert Dimery | |Robert Dimery | ||
|United States | |United States | ||
|''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''<ref name='1001albums'>{{Cite news|first=Robert|last=Dimery|title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.|publisher=Universe Publishing| | |''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''<ref name='1001albums'>{{Cite news|first=Robert|last=Dimery|title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.|publisher=Universe Publishing|isbn=0-7893-1371-5|pages=156|date=7 February 2006}}</ref> | ||
|2006 | |2006 | ||
|align='center'|* | |align='center'|* | ||
| Line 142: | Line 142: | ||
<small>(*) designates unordered lists.</small> | <small>(*) designates unordered lists.</small> | ||
== | ==Track list== | ||
{|class='wikitable' | {|class='wikitable' | ||
|colspan='2' style='background: | |colspan='2' style='background:#ccffff'|<center>'''Album information'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Track listing: | Track listing: | ||
*Side 1: | *Side 1: | ||
#'[[Whole Lotta Love]]' ([[Jimmy Page]], [[Robert Plant]], [[ | #'[[Whole Lotta Love]]' ([[Jimmy Page]], [[Robert Plant]], [[John Paul Jones]], [[John Bonham]], Willie Dixon) – 5:34 | ||
#'[[What Is and What Should Never Be]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:44 | #'[[What Is and What Should Never Be]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:44 | ||
#'[[The Lemon Song]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones, John Bonham) – 6:20 | #'[[The Lemon Song]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones, John Bonham) – 6:20 | ||
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|align='center'|2 | |align='center'|2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Australian ''[[Kent Music Report]]'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name='Australian albums chart'>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=David|authorlink=David Kent (historian)|title=Australian Chart Book 1970-1992 | |Australian ''[[Kent Music Report]]'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name='Australian albums chart'>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=David|authorlink=David Kent (historian)|title=Australian Chart Book 1970-1992|location=[[Turramurra, New South Wales|Turramurra]]|publisher=Australian Chart Book|year=1993|chapter=Top 100 Albums - 2 March 1970|pages=53|isbn=978-0-646-11917-5}}</ref> | ||
|align='center'|1 | |align='center'|1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 208: | Line 208: | ||
|German Albums Chart<ref name='German albums chart'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php|title=Top 100 Albums - 6 April 1970|publisher=charts-surfer.de| accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> | |German Albums Chart<ref name='German albums chart'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php|title=Top 100 Albums - 6 April 1970|publisher=charts-surfer.de| accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> | ||
|align='center'|1 | |align='center'|1 | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{|class='wikitable sortable' | |||
!Chart (2014) | |||
!align='center'|Peak Position | |||
|- | |||
|UK Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/led-zeppelin-reissues-storm-official-albums-chart-top-10-3057/|title=Top 40 Albums - 4 June 2014|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> | |||
|align='center'|7 | |||
|- | |||
|US ''Billboard'' The 200 Albums Chart | |||
|align='center'|9 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Credits== | ==Credits== | ||
{|class='wikitable' | {|class='wikitable' | ||
|colspan='2' style='background: | |colspan='2' style='background:#ccffcc'|<center>'''Personnel'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 339: | Line 350: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Reviewed Passed]][[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | |||
Latest revision as of 07:44, 26 October 2024
| Led Zeppelin II | |
|---|---|
| |
| Type | Studio album |
| Artist | Led Zeppelin |
| Release Date | 22 October 1969 (US), 31 October 1969 (UK) |
| Recorded | May - August 1969 at Sunset Sound, Los Angeles; Olympic Studios, London.; Groove Studios, New York; Mirror Sound, Los Angeles; Mystic Studios, Los Angeles; Morgan Studios, London; A&R Studios, New York; Juggy Sound Studio, New York; Mayfair Studios, New York. Mixed at A&R Studios, New York. |
| Genre | Hard rock, blues rock, folk rock |
| Language | English |
| Length | 41 minutes 24 seconds |
| Label | Atlantic Records |
| Catalogue | Atlantic SD 8236 (US), Atlantic 588 198 (UK) |
| Producer | Jimmy Page |
| Engineer | George Chkiantz, Chris Huston, Andy Johns, and Eddie Kramer |
Led Zeppelin II is the second studio album by English rock band Led Zeppelin, released 22 October 1969 on Atlantic Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969.
Upon release, Led Zeppelin II earned a considerable amount of sales and was Led Zeppelin's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It also sold over 500,000 copies in its first year of release. In 1970, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. On 15 November 1999, it was certified duodecuple platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), following sales in excess of twelve million copies. Following its initial reception, it has been recognized by writers and music critics as one of the greatest and most influential rock albums recorded. Led Zeppelin II has also been cited by critics as a blueprint for 1970s hard rock.
Conception
Background
Following a successful debut album and a breakthrough first American tour, Atlantic Records was eager to capitalise on the success and was pressuring the band to finish a follow-up album. Led Zeppelin II was conceived during a hectic and much-travelled period of the Led Zeppelin's career from January through August 1969, when they completed four European and three American concert tours. The album furthered the lyrical themes established on their debut album, Led Zeppelin (1969). This progress helped create a work that became more widely acclaimed and influential than its predecessor. With elements of blues and folk music, it also exhibits the band's evolving musical style of blues-derived material and their guitar and riff-based sound.
Each song was separately recorded, mixed and produced at various studios in the United Kingdom and the United States. The album was literally written on the road and, during periods of a couple of hours in between concerts, a studio was booked and the recording process begun, resulting in a sound with spontaneity and urgency through necessity.[1] Page and Plant scribbled lyrics down in hotel rooms such as 'Ramble On' and 'Whole Lotta Love'. Whenever the band had a day off during the tour, Page would find an nearby studio, and the band would go work there from early evening to late at night. On several occasions, Page and Richard Cole (Led Zeppelin's road manager) would catch a plane into New York, grab a taxi to A&R studios, spend half a day there working on the unfinished tapes, and then fly out to the next concert.
Some of the recording studios used by the band were not the most advanced. One studio in Vancouver, credited as 'a hut', had an eight-track set up that did not even have proper headphone facilities.[2][3] The group's lead singer Robert Plant later discussed the writing and recording process, stating 'It was crazy really. We were writing the numbers in hotel rooms and then we'd do a rhythm track in London, add the vocal in New York, overdub the harmonica in Vancouver and then come back to finish mixing at New York.'[4] 'Thank You', 'The Lemon Song' and 'Moby Dick' were overdubbed during the tour, while the mixing of 'Whole Lotta Love' and 'Heartbreaker' was also done on tour. Page later stated 'In other words, some of the material came out of rehearsing for the next tour and getting new material together.'[5]
Recording
Recording sessions for the album took place at Olympic and Morgan Studios in London, England, A&M, Quantum, Sunset, Mirror Sound and Mystic Studios in Los Angeles, California, Ardent Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, A&R, Juggy Sound, Groove and Mayfair Studios in New York City, and a 'hut' in Vancouver, British Columbia.[6] Production was entirely credited to lead guitarist, songwriter, and producer Jimmy Page, while it also served as Led Zeppelin's first album to utilise the skills and recording techniques of engineer Eddie Kramer. Led Zeppelin expert Dave Lewis wrote of the album's production, stating 'That the album turned out to be such a triumph, in particular for a production quality that still sounds fresh today, was in no small way due to the successful alliance with Page and Kramer in the control room.'[7] This partnership was particularly exhibited in the central section of the track 'Whole Lotta Love'. Kramer later said, 'The famous Whole Lotta Love mix, where everything is going bananas, is a combination of Jimmy and myself just flying around on a small console twiddling every knob known to man.'[8]
In another interview, Kramer later gave great credit to Page for the sound that was achieved, despite the inconsistent conditions in which it was recorded, stating 'We did that album piece-meal. We cut some of the tracks in some of the most bizarre studios you can imagine, little holes in the wall. Cheap studios. But in the end it sounded bloody marvellous. There was a unification of sound on [Led] Zeppelin II because there was one guy in charge and that was Mr. Page.'[9] Page and Kramer spent two days mixing the album at A&R Studios.
Composition
The finished tracks reflect the raw, evolving sound of the band and their ability as live performers. The album has been noted for featuring a further development of the lyrical themes established by singer Robert Plant on Led Zeppelin's debut album, creating a work which would become more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential. Led Zeppelin II also features experimentation with other musical styles and approaches, as on the alternately soft-and-loud 'What Is and What Should Never Be' and 'Ramble On' (which featured Page's acoustic guitar), or the ballad 'Thank You'. With its mysterious atmospherics, 'Ramble On' helped develop hard rock's association with fantasy themes.[10] This musical direction would later culminate on the band's untitled fourth album. Conversely, the instrumental 'Moby Dick' features an extended drum solo by John Bonham, which would be extended further during Led Zeppelin concert performances.[11]
Jimmy Page's contribution to this album was significant, as his electric guitar solo on the song 'Heartbreaker' was emulated by many younger rock guitarists, and exemplifies the group's intense musical attack.[12] Led Zeppelin II is the band's first album to feature Page playing a 1959 Gibson Les Paul, the electric guitar he helped make famous. Page's innovative recording and drum miking effects on tracks such as 'Ramble On' and 'Whole Lotta Love' also demonstrated his considerable skill, resourcefulness and originality as a producer. Band member and multi-instrumentalist John Paul Jones later discussed Page's contributions, stating:
| ‘ | Jimmy started coming into his own as a producer around 'Whole Lotta Love'. The backwards echo stuff. A lot of the microphone techniques were just inspired. Everybody thinks he goes into the studio with huge walls of amps, but he doesn't. He uses a really small amp and he just mic's it up really well, so it fits into a sonic picture.[13] | ’ |
The album's material also marked a certain honing of singer Robert Plant's vocal approach,[14] and signalled his emergence as a serious songwriter. Plant's name had previously been absent from the songwriting credits of the band's first album due to the previous contractual commitments that resulted from his earlier association with CBS Records as a solo artist. His influence on tracks such as 'What Is and What Should Never Be' and 'Ramble On' were pointers to the musical future of Led Zeppelin.[15]
Album sleeve design
The album sleeve design was from a poster by David Juniper, who was simply told by the band to come up with an idea that was 'interesting'. His design was based on an old photograph of the Jasta 11 Division of the German Air Force during First World War, the famed Flying Circus led by Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron.[16] After the picture was tinted, the faces of the four members of the band were airbrushed on from a 1969 publicity photograph, as well as the faces of band manager Peter Grant and tour manager Richard Cole. The woman in the picture is Glynis Johns, the mother from Mary Poppins. Her presence in the photo is an obvious play on the name of recording engineer Glyn Johns. The other face added was that of bluesman Blind Willie Johnson. The cover also pictured the outline of a Zeppelin on a brown background, which gave the album its nickname 'Brown Bomber'.[17]
Release and reception
The album was released on 22 October 1969 on Atlantic Records, with advance orders of 400,000 copies.[18] The advertising campaign was built around the slogan 'Led Zeppelin II Now Flying'. Commercially, Led Zeppelin II was the band's first album to hit number one in the United States of America, where it remained for seven weeks. By April 1970 it had registered three million American sales, whilst in Britain it enjoyed a 138 week residence on the album chart, climbing to the top spot in February 1970.[19]
The album also yielded Led Zeppelin's biggest hit, with the track 'Whole Lotta Love'. This song reached number four on the Billboard Top 100 in January 1970, after Atlantic Records went against the group's wishes by releasing a shorter version on 45. The single's B-side, 'Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)', also hit the Billboard chart, peaking at number 65 in April 1970. The album helped establish Led Zeppelin as an international concert attraction, as for the next year, the group continued to tour relentlessly, initially performing in clubs and ballrooms, then in larger auditoriums and eventually stadiums as their popularity grew.
In 1970 the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package.[20] On 10 November 1969, the album was certified gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and, in 1990, it earned platinum status after selling over one million copies. By 14 November 1999, Led Zeppelin II had sold over twelve million copies and was certified duodecuple platinum by the RIAA.[21]
Influence
Led Zeppelin II has been cited by music writers as a blueprint for 1970s hard rock. Blues-derived songs like 'Whole Lotta Love', 'Heartbreaker', 'The Lemon Song' and 'Bring It On Home' have been seen as representing standards of the genre, where the guitar-based riff (rather than vocal chorus or verses) defines the song and provides the key hook.[22] Such arrangements and emphasis were at the time atypical in popular music. Page's guitar solo in 'Heartbreaker' featuring rapid-fire runs of notes tapped only by the left hand, was a major inspiration to the later work of metal soloists and 'shredders' such as Eddie Van Halen and Steve Vai.[23] As such, the album is generally considered to be very influential on the development of rock music, being an early forerunner of heavy metal, and inspiring a host of other rock bands including Aerosmith, Van Halen and Guns N' Roses.
Since its initial critical reception, Led Zeppelin II has been acknowledged by many critics and music writers as one of the most influential albums of rock music, and has earned several accolades from music publications, frequently placed at or near the top of 'best album' lists.[24] In 1989, Spin magazine ranked the album number 5 on its list of the 25 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2000, Q magazine placed Led Zeppelin II at number 37 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever.[25] In 2003, the album was ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
Reviews
| Reviewer | Country | Review | Year | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scott Floman (Goldmine) | United States | Rock and Soul Album Reviews | 2002 | A |
Accolades
| Publication | Country | Accolade | Year | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grammy Award | United States | Grammy Award for Best Recording Package[26] | 1970 | Nominee |
| Guitarist | United Kingdom | Top 50 Most Influential Guitar Albums of All Time Ever[27] | 1994 | 3 |
| Mojo | United Kingdom | The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made[28] | 1996 | 41 |
| The Guitar | United States | Album of the Millennium[29] | 1999 | 6 |
| Q | United Kingdom | 100 Greatest Albums Ever[30] | 2003 | 37 |
| Robert Dimery | United States | 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[31] | 2006 | * |
| Classic Rock | United Kingdom | '100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever'[32] | 2006 | 8 |
| Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | United States | The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time[33] | 2007 | 47 |
| Q | United Kingdom | 50 Years of Great British Music (1960s)[34] | 2008 | * |
(*) designates unordered lists.
Track list
|
Track listing:
| |
Chart history
Album
| Chart (1969) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Japanese Albums Chart[35] | 8 |
| US Billboard The 200 Albums Chart[36] | 1 |
| US Billboard Black Albums | 32 |
| French Albums Chart[37] | 3 |
| Canadian RPM Top 100 Albums Chart[38] | 1 |
| UK Albums Chart[39] | 1 |
| Chart (1970) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| US Record World Top Pop Albums Chart[40] | 1 |
| US Cash Box Top 100 Albums Chart[41] | 1 |
| Norwegian Albums Chart[42] | 2 |
| Australian Kent Music Report Top 100 Albums Chart[43] | 1 |
| Spanish Albums Chart[44] | 1 |
| German Albums Chart[45] | 1 |
| Chart (2014) | Peak Position |
|---|---|
| UK Albums Chart[46] | 7 |
| US Billboard The 200 Albums Chart | 9 |
Singles
| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 'Whole Lotta Love' | US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart (Pop Singles)[47] | 4 |
| 1997 | 'Whole Lotta Love' | UK Singles Chart[48] | 21 |
| 1970 | 'Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)' | US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart (Pop Singles)[49] | 65 |
Certifications
| Country | Sales | Certification |
|---|---|---|
| Austria (IFPI) | 10,000+ | Gold[50] |
| Argentina (CAPIF) | 30,000+ | Gold[51] |
| United States (RIAA) | 12,000,000+ | 12× Multi-Platinum[52] |
| Canada (CRIA) | 900,000+ | 9× Platinum[53] |
| France (SNEP) | 200,000+ | 2× Gold[54] |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 40,000+ | Gold[55] |
| Germany (IFPI) | 200,000+ | Platinum[56] |
| Australia (ARIA) | 280,000+ | 4× Platinum[57] |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | 1,200,000+ | 4× Platinum[58] |
Certification history
| Organization | Level | Date |
|---|---|---|
| RIAA – USA | Gold | 10 November 1969 |
| RIAA – USA | Platinum | 11 December 1990 |
| RIAA – USA | 5× Platinum | 11 December 1990 |
| RIAA – USA | 6× Platinum | 11 August 1992 |
| RIAA – USA | 8× Platinum | 25 November 1997 |
| RIAA – USA | 11× Platinum | 29 March 1999 |
| RIAA – USA | 12× Platinum | 15 November 1999 |
Credits
| |
References
- ↑ Rosen, Craig (1996). The Billboard Book of Number One Albums: The Inside Story Behind Pop Music's Blockbuster Records. New York: Billboard Books, 118. ISBN 978-0-8230-7586-7.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 29. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Schulps, Dave (October 1977). "Jimmy Page: The Trouser Press Interview". Trouser Press 4 (22). ISSN 0164-1883.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (2005). Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, Revised. London: Omnibus Press, 68. ISBN 978-1-84449-659-4.
- ↑ Schulps, Dave (October 1977). "Jimmy Page: The Trouser Press Interview". Trouser Press 4 (22). ISSN 0164-1883.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 29. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 30. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 31. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ 'Their Time is Gonna Come', Classic Rock: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin, 2008, p. 21.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 34. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 35. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 34. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ 'I first met Jimmy on Tolworth Broadway, holding a bag of exotic fish...', Uncut, January 2009, p. 40.
- ↑ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Complete Studio Recordings, p. 9.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 30. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 30. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 30. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Welch, Chris (1996). “Conquest of America”, Led Zeppelin. London: Carlton Books, 40. ISBN 978-1-85868-271-6.
- ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 30. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1.
- ↑ Case, George (2011). “It's Not as Hard as It Seems”, Led Zeppelin FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Greatest Hard Rock Band of All Time. Milwaukee: Backbeat Books, 210. ISBN 978-1-61713-025-0.
- ↑ RIAA: Gold & Platinum. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.
- ↑ Fast, Susan (2001). “The Wanton Song”, In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 141. ISBN 978-0-19-511756-1.
- ↑ Brown, Pete (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. San Francisco: Hal Leonard, 165. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6.
- ↑ Acclaimed Music: Led Zeppelin II. AcclaimedMusic. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.
- ↑ Tower: Led Zeppelin II. Tower.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-11.
- ↑ Grammy Award for Best Recording Package (David Juniper) - 11 March 1970. Grammy. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ Top 50 Most Influential Guitar Albums of All Time Ever - December 1994. Guitarist. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made - January 1996. Mojo. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ Album of the Millennium - December 1999. The Guitar. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ 2003 100 Greatest Albums Ever - January 2003. Q. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ Dimery, Robert. "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", Universe Publishing, 7 February 2006, pp. 156.
- ↑ Classic Rock - 100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever - April 2006. Classic Rock. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (United States). Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ 50 Years of Great British Music - March 2008. Q. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 25 December 1969. Oricon. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ The Billboard 200 - 27 December 1969. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 1969. infodisc.fr. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ RPM Albums Chart - 24 January 1970. RPM. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 7 February 1969. chartstats.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top Pop Albums - 3 January 1970. Record World. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 31 January 1970. Cash Box. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 20 Albums - 1 March 1970. norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Kent, David (1993). “Top 100 Albums - 2 March 1970”, Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. Turramurra: Australian Chart Book, 53. ISBN 978-0-646-11917-5.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 4 April 1970. PROMUSICAE. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 100 Albums - 6 April 1970. charts-surfer.de. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 40 Albums - 4 June 2014. Official Charts Company. Retrieved on 5 June 2014.
- ↑ Hot 100 Singles - 31 January 1970. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Top 100 Singles - 13 September 1997. chartstats.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Hot 100 Singles - 4 April 1970. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Verband der Österreichischen Musikwirtschaft: Led Zeppelin II - 8 August 1991. IFPI. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ CAPIF: Led Zeppelin - 1993. CAPIF. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ RIAA.org Led Zeppelin II - 15 November 1999. RIAA. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ CRIA Led Zeppelin II - 28 February 2000. CRIA. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Disque en France: Led Zeppelin II - 18 October 2001. SNEP. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ PROMUSICAE Led Zeppelin II - 2002. PROMUSICAE. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Led Zeppelin II - 2003. musikindustrie.de. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ ARIA Album Accreditations - 31 December 2007. ARIA. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ BPI Led Zeppelin II certification - 26 September 2008. BPI. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.