Septic shock: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:01, 17 October 2024

Main Article

Discussion

Epidemiology

Sepsis and septic shock may be the most common complications in perioperative care.^[2]

Complications

Myocardial dysfunction

Transient myocardial dysfunction may occur in 59% of patients and may resolve within 12 days.^[3]

Treatment

Clinical practice guidelines by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign address management. The choice and timing of antibiotics may be the most important aspect of treatment.^[4]

Antibiotics

Observational studies of antibiotics.^[5]^[6]^[7]
Study	Patients	Interventions	Results
EMSHOCKNET^[5] 2011	291 ED patients • 34% bacteremia • 16% mortality	41% received antibiotics before shock	Time to appropriate antibiotics not associated with mortality
Gaieski et al^[6] 2010	261 ED patients • 32% bacteremia • 31% mortality	<1 hour median delay after hypotension till antibiotics	Time to appropriate antibiotics associated with mortality
Kumar et al^[7] 2006	2154 ICU patients patients • 34% bacteremia • 56% mortality	6 hour median delay after hypotension till antibiotics	Time to appropriate antibiotics associated with survival

Choosing appropriate antibiotics and starting them within an one hour is associated with better outcomes.^[6]

Recommendations for choosing antibiotics are available.^[8]

Goal-directed resuscitation

Major trials of Goal-directed resuscitation^[9]^[10]^[11]
Trial	Patients	Interventions	Usual care	Outcomes	Results for patients		Comments
Trial	Patients	Interventions	Usual care	Outcomes	Intervention	Control	Comments
Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group^[9] 2001	263 patients: • Lactate 7.3 • Blood culture positive 35% • SBP 108 mm Hg • 90% received antibiotics by 6 hours	Early Goal-Directed Therapy Within 72 hrs: • 100% central lines ScvO2 • 68% transfusion • 37% vasopressors • 13606 ml fluid	Usual care within 72 hrs: • 100% central lines ScvO2 • 45% transfusion • 51% vasopressors • 14101 ml fluid	28-day mortality	33%	49%
ProCESS^[10] 2014	1341 patients: • Lactate 4.9 • Blood culture positive 30% • SBP 101 mm Hg • 97% received antibiotics by 6 hours	Early Goal-Directed Therapy Within 72 hrs: • 93% central lines ScvO2 • 1% transfusion • 48% vasopressors • 7253 ml fluid	Two control groups In no protocol group within 72 hours: • 57% central lines • 2% transfusion • 43% vasopressors • 6633 ml fluid	60-day mortality	21%	18%
ARISE^[11] 2014	1600 patients: • Lactate 6.7 • Blood culture positive 38% • SBP 79 mm Hg • All received antibiotics by 2.8 hours	Early Goal-Directed Therapy Within 72 hours: • 90% central lines ScvO2(6 hrs) • 14% transfusion (0-6 hrs) • 67% vasopressors • 6238 ml fluid	Usual care within 72 hrs: • 62% central lines (6 hrs) • 7% transfusion • 58% vasopressors • 6095 ml fluid	28-day mortality	15%	16%

Initial studies showed benefit from early goal-directed therapy (EGDT).^[9] ^[12] However, the more recent ProCESS^[10] and ARISE^[11] trails have not shown benefit.

The outcomes in the control groups of of more recent trials were much more favorable than in the earlier trials. Reasons may be:

Less fluid replacement in spite of similar protocols
Quicker antibiotics
The use of lower tidal volumes^[13]
Less transfusions of blood^[14].
Use of blood lactate levels rather than central venous oxygen levels.^[12]

Protocols for the resuscitation of septic shock are:^[12]^[9]

"Isotonic crystalloid was administered in boluses to achieve a central venous pressure of 8 mm Hg or higher"
"Mean arterial pressure goal of 65 mm Hg or higher, if not achieved with fluid administration, was targeted by initiating and titrating vasopressors (dopamine or norepinephrine)"^[12] or goal of 65 mm Hg to 90 mm Hg^[9]
If ScvO₂ < 70% or lactate clearance < 10%

If hematocrit is < 30%, packed red blood cells were transfused
If hematocrit is > 30%, cardiotonic agents such as dobutamine

Vasopressors

Among the choices for vasoconstrictor agents for treating septic shock, a randomized controlled trial concluded that there was no difference between the biogenic amines norepinephrine (plus dobutamine as needed for cardiac output) versus epinephrine.^[15] Similarly, another randomized controlled trial found no difference between vasopressin and norepinephrine.^[16] Norepinephrine may be better than dopamine according to a meta-analysis.^[17]

Corticosteroids

Practice guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines by American College of Critical Care Medicine conclude "hydrocortisone should be considered in the management strategy of patients with septic shock, particularly those patients who have responded poorly to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor agents."^[18] In a meta-analysis that was included with the guidelines found greater shock reversal (at day 7) with hydrocortisone and a (insignificant) trend towards benefit in mortality".^[18]

Regarding whether the use of steroids should be confined to patients with relative adrenal insufficiency, the guidelines state "ACTH stimulation test should not be used to identify those patients with septic shock or ARDS who should receive GC".^[18]

Randomized, controlled trials

The most recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials conclude benefit.^[19]^[18] In a meta-analysis that was included with the American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines found greater shock reversal (at day 7) with hydrocortisone and a (insignificant) trend towards benefit in mortality".^[18] Adding fludrocortisone may not help according to a more recent randomized controlled trial.^[20]

Major trials of low dose corticosteroids for septic shock among patients with relative adrenal insufficiency.^[21]^[22]
Trial	Patients	Interventions	Outcomes	Results for patients with relative adrenal insufficiency		Comments
Trial	Patients	Interventions	Outcomes	Control	Intervention	Comments
CORTICUS^[21] 2008	499 patients • Onset of shock ≤ 72 hours • Adrenal insufficiency: 47% • SAPS II score: 50 • Intratracheal intubation: 100% • Arterial lactate: 4.0	200 mg/day of hydrocortisone for 7 days	28-day mortality	36%	39%	In a post hoc analysis, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.^[21]
French study^[22] 2002	300 patients • Onset of shock ≤ 3 hours • Adrenal insufficiency: 76% • SAPS II score: 59 • Intratracheal intubation: 88% • Arterial lactate: 4.5	200 mg/day of hydrocortisone for 7 days 50 microgram/day fludrocortisone	28-day mortality	63%	53%

Although the largest and most recent randomized controlled trial (CORTICUS^[21]) was negative, its patients were less sick (as evidenced by less stringent inclusion criteria and less mortality in the control group) and mineralcorticoids were not given as a co-treatment as compared to the French trial be Annane^[22]. In a post hoc analysis of the CORTICUS study, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.^[21]

The lack of mineralocorticoid in the new study may not be important. In the new trial, the total hydrocortisone per day in the new trial is 200 mg. This equates to 200/250 or 0.8 mg (800 microgram) fludrocortisone (see relative potency table for corticosteroids). The French study by Annane used 50 microgram daily of fludrocortisone.^[22]

Non-randomized studies

Non-randomized studies suggest benefit from steroids.^[23]^[24]

Activated protein C

Recombinant human activated protein C, also called drotrecogin alpha, has been shown in a randomized controlled trial to be associated with reduced mortality (number needed to treat (NNT) of 16) in patients with multi-organ failure^[25] If this is given, heparin should probably be continued.^[26]

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Recombinant human tissue factor (thromboplastin) pathway inhibitor, also called tifacogin, was found not to be effective in a randomized controlled trial.^[27]

Transfusion

Similar outcomes occur if the threshhold for erythrocyte transfusion is 7 or 9 g per deciliter.^[14]

Polymyxin B hemoperfusion

Hemoperfusion through a polymyxin B column, intended to reduce circulating endotoxin,^[28] may be beneficial according to a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.^[29]

Intensive insulin

Intensive insulin for a target serum glucose of 80 and 110 mg/dL does not help.^[20]

Prognosis

The mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock has dropped by almost half since the initial study of goal-directed therapy.^[30]

References

↑ Anonymous (2024), Septic shock (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Moore, Laura J.; Frederick A. Moore, S. Rob Todd, Stephen L. Jones, Krista L. Turner, Barbara L. Bass (2010-07-01). "Sepsis in General Surgery: The 2005-2007 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Perspective". Arch Surg 145 (7): 695-700. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.2010.107. Retrieved on 2010-07-20. Research Blogging.
↑ Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Münzel T (November 2008). "B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients". Crit. Care Med. 36 (11): 3030–7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153. PMID 18824903. Research Blogging.
↑ Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, Suffredini AF, O'Grady NP, Banks SM et al. (2010). "Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials.". Crit Care Med 38 (2): 668-78. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0ddf. PMID 20029343. Research Blogging.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, Arnold RC, Horton JM, Studnek JR et al. (2011). "Association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol.". Crit Care Med 39 (9): 2066-2071. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab. PMID 21572327. PMC PMC3158284. Research Blogging.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, Pines JM, Massone R, Furia FF et al. (2010). "Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department.". Crit Care Med 38 (4): 1045-53. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824. PMID 20048677. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20048677" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S et al. (2006). "Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.". Crit Care Med 34 (6): 1589-96. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9. PMID 16625125. Research Blogging.
↑ Bartlett JG. Sepsis - Unknown Source
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al. (2001). "Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.". N Engl J Med 345 (19): 1368-77. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa010307. PMID 11794169. Research Blogging. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):90 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid11794169" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid11794169" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ProCESS Investigators. Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA et al. (2014). "A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock.". N Engl J Med 370 (18): 1683-93. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. PMID 24635773. PMC PMC4101700. Research Blogging. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 17;160(12):JC9
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ARISE Investigators. ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R et al. (2014). "Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock.". N Engl J Med 371 (16): 1496-506. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. PMID 25272316. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid25272316" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline JA et al. (2010). "Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial.". JAMA 303 (8): 739-46. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.158. PMID 20179283. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20179283" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20179283" defined multiple times with different content
↑ (2000) "Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network.". N Engl J Med 342 (18): 1301-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801. PMID 10793162. Research Blogging.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S et al. (2014). "Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock.". N Engl J Med 371 (15): 1381-91. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617. PMID 25270275. Research Blogging.
↑ Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, et al (2007). "Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial". Lancet 370 (9588): 676-84. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0. PMID 17720019. Research Blogging.
↑ Russell, J. A., Walley, K. R., Singer, J., Gordon, A. C., Hebert, P. C., Cooper, D. J., et al. (2008). Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock, N Engl J Med, 358(9), 877-887. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa067373.
↑ De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL (2012). "Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: A meta-analysis*.". Crit Care Med 40 (3): 725-30. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee. PMID 22036860. Research Blogging.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, et al (June 2008). "Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine". Crit. Care Med. 36 (6): 1937–49. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba. PMID 18496365. Research Blogging.
↑ Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. (June 2009). "Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review". JAMA 301 (22): 2362–75. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.815. PMID 19509383. Research Blogging.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 COIITSS Study Investigators. Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'honneur G et al. (2010). "Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial.". JAMA 303 (4): 341-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.2. PMID 20103758. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20103758" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al (2008). "Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (2): 111–24. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa071366. PMID 18184957. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid18184957" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, et al (August 2002). "Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock". JAMA 288 (7): 862–71. PMID 12186604. ^[e]
↑ Miller RR, Dong L, Nelson NC, Brown SM, Kuttler KG, Probst DR et al. (2013). "Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle.". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188 (1): 77-82. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201212-2199OC. PMID 23631750. PMC PMC3735248. Research Blogging.
↑ Funk D, Doucette S, Pisipati A, Dodek P, Marshall JC, Kumar A et al. (2014). "Low-dose corticosteroid treatment in septic shock: a propensity-matching study.". Crit Care Med 42 (11): 2333-41. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000518. PMID 25072758. Research Blogging.
↑ Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr; Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 8;344(10):699-709. PMID 11236773
↑ Levi M, Levy M, Williams MD, et al (2007). "Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated)". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (5): 483–90. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200612-1803OC. PMID 17556722. Research Blogging.
↑ Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, et al (July 2003). "Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 290 (2): 238–47. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.2.238. PMID 12851279. Research Blogging.
↑ Cruz DN et al. (2009 Jun 17), "Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial.", JAMA 301 (23): 2445-52
↑ Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, et al. (2007). "Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review". Crit Care 11 (2): R47. DOI:10.1186/cc5780. PMID 17448226. PMC 2206475. Research Blogging.
↑ Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R (2014). "Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012.". JAMA 311 (13): 1308-16. DOI:10.1001/jama.2014.2637. PMID 24638143. Research Blogging.

[1] Anonymous (2024), Septic shock (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[2] Moore, Laura J.; Frederick A. Moore, S. Rob Todd, Stephen L. Jones, Krista L. Turner, Barbara L. Bass (2010-07-01). "Sepsis in General Surgery: The 2005-2007 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Perspective". Arch Surg 145 (7): 695-700. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.2010.107. Retrieved on 2010-07-20. Research Blogging.

[pmid18824903-3] Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Münzel T (November 2008). "B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients". Crit. Care Med. 36 (11): 3030–7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153. PMID 18824903. Research Blogging.

[pmid20029343-4] Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, Suffredini AF, O'Grady NP, Banks SM et al. (2010). "Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials.". Crit Care Med 38 (2): 668-78. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0ddf. PMID 20029343. Research Blogging.

[pmid21572327-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, Arnold RC, Horton JM, Studnek JR et al. (2011). "Association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol.". Crit Care Med 39 (9): 2066-2071. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab. PMID 21572327. PMC PMC3158284. Research Blogging.

[pmid20048677-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, Pines JM, Massone R, Furia FF et al. (2010). "Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department.". Crit Care Med 38 (4): 1045-53. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824. PMID 20048677. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20048677" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid16625125-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S et al. (2006). "Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.". Crit Care Med 34 (6): 1589-96. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9. PMID 16625125. Research Blogging.

[8] Bartlett JG. Sepsis - Unknown Source

[pmid11794169-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al. (2001). "Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.". N Engl J Med 345 (19): 1368-77. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa010307. PMID 11794169. Research Blogging. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):90 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid11794169" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid11794169" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid24635773-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ProCESS Investigators. Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA et al. (2014). "A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock.". N Engl J Med 370 (18): 1683-93. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. PMID 24635773. PMC PMC4101700. Research Blogging. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 17;160(12):JC9

[pmid25272316-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ARISE Investigators. ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R et al. (2014). "Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock.". N Engl J Med 371 (16): 1496-506. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. PMID 25272316. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid25272316" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid20179283-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline JA et al. (2010). "Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial.". JAMA 303 (8): 739-46. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.158. PMID 20179283. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20179283" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20179283" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid10793162-13] (2000) "Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network.". N Engl J Med 342 (18): 1301-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801. PMID 10793162. Research Blogging.

[pmid25270275-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S et al. (2014). "Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock.". N Engl J Med 371 (15): 1381-91. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617. PMID 25270275. Research Blogging.

[pmid17720019-15] Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, et al (2007). "Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial". Lancet 370 (9588): 676-84. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0. PMID 17720019. Research Blogging.

[16] Russell, J. A., Walley, K. R., Singer, J., Gordon, A. C., Hebert, P. C., Cooper, D. J., et al. (2008). Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock, N Engl J Med, 358(9), 877-887. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa067373.

[pmid22036860-17] De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL (2012). "Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: A meta-analysis*.". Crit Care Med 40 (3): 725-30. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee. PMID 22036860. Research Blogging.

[pmid18496365-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, et al (June 2008). "Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine". Crit. Care Med. 36 (6): 1937–49. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba. PMID 18496365. Research Blogging.

[pmid19509383-19] Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. (June 2009). "Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review". JAMA 301 (22): 2362–75. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.815. PMID 19509383. Research Blogging.

[pmid20103758-20] 20.0 ^20.1 COIITSS Study Investigators. Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'honneur G et al. (2010). "Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial.". JAMA 303 (4): 341-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.2. PMID 20103758. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid20103758" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid18184957-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al (2008). "Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (2): 111–24. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa071366. PMID 18184957. Research Blogging. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid18184957" defined multiple times with different content

[pmid12186604-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, et al (August 2002). "Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock". JAMA 288 (7): 862–71. PMID 12186604. ^[e]

[pmid23631750-23] Miller RR, Dong L, Nelson NC, Brown SM, Kuttler KG, Probst DR et al. (2013). "Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle.". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188 (1): 77-82. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201212-2199OC. PMID 23631750. PMC PMC3735248. Research Blogging.

[pmid25072758-24] Funk D, Doucette S, Pisipati A, Dodek P, Marshall JC, Kumar A et al. (2014). "Low-dose corticosteroid treatment in septic shock: a propensity-matching study.". Crit Care Med 42 (11): 2333-41. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000518. PMID 25072758. Research Blogging.

[25] Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr; Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 8;344(10):699-709. PMID 11236773

[pmid17556722-26] Levi M, Levy M, Williams MD, et al (2007). "Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated)". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (5): 483–90. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200612-1803OC. PMID 17556722. Research Blogging.

[pmid12851279-27] Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, et al (July 2003). "Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 290 (2): 238–47. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.2.238. PMID 12851279. Research Blogging.

[28] Cruz DN et al. (2009 Jun 17), "Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial.", JAMA 301 (23): 2445-52

[pmid17448226-29] Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, et al. (2007). "Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review". Crit Care 11 (2): R47. DOI:10.1186/cc5780. PMID 17448226. PMC 2206475. Research Blogging.

[pmid24638143-30] Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R (2014). "Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012.". JAMA 311 (13): 1308-16. DOI:10.1001/jama.2014.2637. PMID 24638143. Research Blogging.

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 {{subpages}}
-'''Septic shock''' is a condition in medicine in which [[sepsis]] is "associated with hypotension or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to lactic acidosis; oliguria; or acute alteration in mental status."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
+{{TOC|right}}
+In medicine, '''septic shock''' is a form of [[sepsis]] with "associated with hypotension or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to [[lactic acidosis]]; [[oliguria]]; or acute alteration in mental status."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
-==Treatment==
+==Epidemiology==
-===Vasopressors===
+Sepsis and septic shock  may be the most common complications in [[perioperative care]].<ref>{{Cite journal |  doi = 10.1001/archsurg.2010.107 | volume = 145 | issue = 7 | pages =  695-700
-Among the choices for pressors, a [[randomized controlled trial]] concluded that there was no difference between the biogenic [[amine]]s [[norepinephrine]] (plus [[dobutamine]] as needed for [[cardiac output]]) versus [[epinephrine]].<ref name="pmid17720019">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, ''et al'' |title=Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9588 |pages=676-84 |year=2007 |pmid=17720019 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0}}</ref> Similarly, another [[randomized controlled trial]] found no difference between [[vasopressin]] and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>Russell, J. A., Walley, K. R., Singer, J., Gordon, A. C., Hebert, P. C., Cooper, D. J., et al. (2008). [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/9/877 Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock], N Engl J Med, 358(9), 877-887. {{doi|10.1056/NEJMoa067373}}.
+| last = Moore | first = Laura J. | coauthors = Frederick A. Moore, S.  Rob Todd, Stephen L. Jones, Krista L. Turner, Barbara L. Bass | title =  Sepsis in General Surgery: The 2005-2007 National Surgical Quality  Improvement Program Perspective | journal = Arch Surg | accessdate =  2010-07-20 | date = 2010-07-01 | url =  http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/145/7/695 }}</ref>
-</ref>
+==Complications==
+===Myocardial dysfunction===
+Transient myocardial dysfunction may occur in 59% of patients and may resolve within 12 days.<ref name="pmid18824903">{{cite journal |author=Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Münzel T |title=B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=3030–7 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18824903 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153 |issn=}}</ref>
-===Corticosteroids===
+==Treatment==
+[[Clinical practice guideline]]s by the [http://www.survivingsepsis.org/ Surviving Sepsis Campaign] address management. The choice and timing of antibiotics may be the most important aspect of treatment.<ref name="pmid20029343">{{cite journal| author=Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, Suffredini AF, O'Grady NP, Banks SM et al.| title=Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2010 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 668-78 | pmid=20029343 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20029343 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0ddf }}</ref>
+===Antibiotics===
 {| class="wikitable" align="right"
-|+ Comparison of major trials of corticosteroids
+|+ Observational studies of [[antibiotic]]s.<ref name="pmid21572327">{{cite journal| author=Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, Arnold RC, Horton JM, Studnek JR et al.|  title=Association between timing of antibiotic administration and  mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative  resuscitation protocol. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2011 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 2066-2071 | pmid=21572327 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab | pmc=PMC3158284 | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid20048677">{{cite journal| author=Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, Pines JM, Massone R, Furia FF et al.| title=Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2010 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 1045-53 | pmid=20048677 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid16625125">{{cite journal| author=Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S et al.| title=Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2006 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1589-96 | pmid=16625125 | doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
-!  &nbsp;!! CORTICUS, 2008<ref name="pmid18184957">{{cite journal |author=Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, ''et al'' |title=Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18184957 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071366 |issn=|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/2/111}}</ref>!! French study, 2002<ref name="pmid12186604">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, ''et al'' |title=Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=7 |pages=862–71 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12186604 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12186604 |issn=}}</ref>
+! Study!! Patients!!Interventions!!Results
-|-
-| colspan="3"| Patients:
 |-
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;Prevalence of [[adrenal insufficiency]]||align="center"| 47% ||align="center"| 76%
+| EMSHOCKNET<ref name="pmid21572327"/><br/>2011|| 291 [[Emergency medical service|ED]] patients<br/>&bull;&nbsp;34% bacteremia<br/>&bull;&nbsp;16% mortality<br/>||41% received antibiotics before shock||Time to appropriate antibiotics ''not'' associated with mortality
 |-
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;onset of shock|| align="center"|within the previous 72 hours|| align="center"|within the previous 3 hours
+| Gaieski et al<ref name="pmid20048677"/><br/>2010|| 261 [[Emergency medical service|ED]] patients<br/>&bull;&nbsp;32% bacteremia<br/>&bull;&nbsp;31% mortality<br/>||<1 hour median delay after hypotension till antibiotics||Time to appropriate antibiotics associated with mortality
 |-
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Critical_care#SAPS_II|SAPS II score]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;(higher is sicker)|| align="center"|50|| align="center"|59
+| Kumar et al<ref name="pmid16625125"/><br/>2006|| 2154 [[Critical care|ICU patients]] patients<br/>&bull;&nbsp;34% bacteremia<br/>&bull;&nbsp;56% mortality<br/>||6 hour median delay after hypotension till antibiotics||Time to appropriate antibiotics associated with survival
+|}
+Choosing appropriate [[antibiotic]]s and starting them within an one hour is associated with better outcomes.<ref name="pmid20048677">{{cite journal| author=Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, Pines JM, Massone R, Furia FF et al.| title=Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2010 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 1045-53 | pmid=20048677 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20048677 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824 }} </ref>
+Recommendations for choosing antibiotics are available.<ref>Bartlett JG. [http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/diagnosis/sepsis_syndromes/sepsis_-_unknown_source.html?contentInstanceId=255348 Sepsis - Unknown Source] </ref>
+===Goal-directed resuscitation===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Major trials of Goal-directed resuscitation<ref name="pmid11794169">{{cite journal| author=Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al.| title=Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 19 | pages= 1368-77 | pmid=11794169 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010307 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794169  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11985431 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):90] </ref><ref name="pmid24635773">{{cite journal| author=ProCESS Investigators. Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA et al.| title=A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 370 | issue= 18 | pages= 1683-93 | pmid=24635773 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1401602 | pmc=PMC4101700 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24635773  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24935515 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 17;160(12):JC9] </ref><ref name="pmid25272316">{{cite journal| author=ARISE Investigators. ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R et al.| title=Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 16 | pages= 1496-506 | pmid=25272316 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1404380 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25272316  }} </ref>
+! rowspan="2"|Trial!!rowspan="2"|Patients!!rowspan="2"|Interventions!!rowspan="2"|Usual care!!rowspan="2"|Outcomes!!colspan="2"|Results for patients!!rowspan="2"|Comments
 |-
-| Intervention || align="center"|200 mg/day of hydrocortisone|| align="center"|200 mg/day of hydrocortisone<br>50 microgram/day fludrocortisone
+! Intervention!!Control
 |-
-| colspan="3"| Results:
+| Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group<ref name="pmid11794169"/><br/>2001||263 patients:<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Lactate 7.3<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Blood culture positive 35%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Systolic blood pressure|SBP]] 108 mm Hg<br/>&bull; 90% received antibiotics by 6 hours||valign="top"|Early Goal-Directed Therapy<br/>Within 72 hrs:<br/>&bull; 100% central lines ScvO2<br/>&bull; 68% transfusion<br/>&bull; 37% vasopressors<br/>&bull;&nbsp;13606 ml fluid||valign="top"|Usual care within 72 hrs:<br/>&bull; 100% central lines ScvO2<br/>&bull; 45% transfusion<br/>&bull; 51% vasopressors<br/>&bull; 14101 ml fluid||28-day mortality|| align="center"|33%||align="center"|49%||
 |-
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;28-day survival in control group|| align="center"|69%|| align="center"|27%
+| ProCESS<ref name="pmid24635773"/><br/>2014||1341 patients:<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Lactate 4.9<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Blood culture positive 30%<br/>&bull; [[Systolic blood pressure|SBP]] 101 mm Hg<br/>&bull; 97% received antibiotics by 6 hours||valign="top"| Early Goal-Directed Therapy<br/>Within 72 hrs:<br/>&bull; 93% central lines ScvO2<br/>&bull; 1% transfusion<br/>&bull; 48% vasopressors<br/>&bull; 7253 ml fluid||valign="top"|Two control groups<br/>In no protocol group within 72 hours:<br/>&bull; 57% central lines<br/>&bull; 2% transfusion<br/>&bull; 43% vasopressors<br/>&bull; 6633 ml fluid ||60-day mortality||align="center"|21%||align="center"|18%||
 |-
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;Mortality at 28 days|| align="center"| no reduction in mortality<br>regardless of [[adrenal insufficiency]]|| align="center"|reduced mortality<br>for patients with [[adrenal insufficiency]]
+| ARISE<ref name="pmid25272316"/><br/>2014||1600 patients:<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Lactate 6.7<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Blood culture positive 38%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Systolic blood pressure|SBP]] 79 mm Hg<br/>&bull; All received antibiotics by 2.8 hours||valign="top"|Early Goal-Directed Therapy<br/>Within 72 hours:<br/>&bull; 90% central lines ScvO2(6 hrs)<br/>&bull; 14% transfusion (0-6 hrs)<br/>&bull; 67% vasopressors<br/>&bull; 6238 ml fluid||valign="top"|Usual care within 72 hrs:<br/>&bull; 62% central lines (6 hrs)<br/>&bull; 7% transfusion<br/>&bull; 58% vasopressors<br/>&bull; 6095 ml fluid||28-day mortality||align="center"|15%||align="center"|16%||
 |}
-;Practice guidelines and meta-analysis
-[[Clinical practice guideline]]s by American College of Critical Care Medicine conclude "hydrocortisone should be considered in the management strategy of patients with septic shock, particularly those patients who have responded poorly to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor agents."<ref name="pmid18496365">{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |issn=}}</ref>
-In a [[meta-analysis]] that was included with the guidelines found greater shock reversal (at day 7) with hydrocortisone and a (insignficant) trend towards benefit in mortality".<ref name="pmid18496365"/>
+Initial studies showed benefit from early goal-directed therapy (EGDT).<ref name="pmid11794169">{{cite journal| author=Rivers E, Nguyen B,  Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al.| title=Early  goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic  shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 19 |  pages= 1368-77 | pmid=11794169 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794169  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11985431  Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):90] </ref>
+<ref  name="pmid20179283">{{cite journal|  author=Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline  JA et al.| title=Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation  as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. |  journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 303 | issue= 8 | pages= 739-46 |  pmid=20179283 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20179283  | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.158 }}  </ref>
+However, the more recent ProCESS<ref name="pmid24635773">{{cite journal| author=ProCESS Investigators. Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA et al.| title=A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 370 | issue= 18 | pages= 1683-93 | pmid=24635773 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1401602 | pmc=PMC4101700 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24635773  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24935515 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 17;160(12):JC9] </ref> and ARISE<ref name="pmid25272316">{{cite journal| author=The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group| title=Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Patients with Early Septic Shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=25272316 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1404380 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25272316  }} </ref> trails have not shown benefit.
+The outcomes in the control groups of of more recent trials were much more favorable than in the earlier trials. Reasons may be:
+* Less fluid replacement in spite of similar protocols
+* Quicker antibiotics
+* The use of lower tidal volumes<ref name="pmid10793162">{{cite journal| author=| title=Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 18 | pages= 1301-8 | pmid=10793162 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200005043421801 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10793162  }} </ref>
+* Less transfusions of blood<ref name="pmid25270275">{{cite journal| author=Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S et al.| title=Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 15 | pages= 1381-91 | pmid=25270275 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1406617 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25270275  }} </ref>.
+* Use of blood lactate levels rather than central venous oxygen levels.<ref name="pmid20179283">{{cite journal| author=Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline JA et al.| title=Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 303 | issue= 8 | pages= 739-46 | pmid=20179283 | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.158 | pmc=PMC2918907 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20179283  }} </ref>
+Protocols for the resuscitation of septic shock are:<ref  name="pmid20179283">{{cite journal|  author=Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Arnold RC, Claremont HA, Kline  JA et al.| title=Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation  as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. |  journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 303 | issue= 8 | pages= 739-46 |  pmid=20179283 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20179283  | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.158 }}  </ref><ref name="pmid11794169">{{cite journal| author=Rivers E, Nguyen B,  Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B et al.| title=Early  goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic  shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 19 |  pages= 1368-77 | pmid=11794169 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794169  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11985431  Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):90] </ref>
+# "Isotonic crystalloid was administered in  boluses to achieve a central  venous pressure of 8 mm Hg or higher"
+# "Mean arterial pressure goal of 65 mm Hg or higher, if not achieved  with  fluid administration, was targeted by initiating and titrating [[vasoconstrictor agent|vasopressors]] ([[dopamine]]  or [[norepinephrine]])"<ref  name="pmid20179283"/> or goal of 65  mm Hg to 90 mm Hg<ref  name="pmid11794169"/>
+# If ScvO<sub>2</sub>  < 70% or lactate clearance < 10%
+:*If [[hematocrit]] is < 30%, packed red  blood  cells were transfused
+:*If hematocrit is > 30%, [[cardiotonic agent]]s  such as [[dobutamine]]
+====Vasopressors====
+Among the choices for [[vasoconstrictor agent]]s for treating septic shock, a [[randomized controlled trial]] concluded that there was no difference between the biogenic [[amine]]s [[norepinephrine]] (plus [[dobutamine]] as needed for [[cardiac output]]) versus [[epinephrine]].<ref name="pmid17720019">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, ''et al'' |title=Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9588 |pages=676-84 |year=2007 |pmid=17720019 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0}}</ref> Similarly, another [[randomized controlled trial]] found no difference between [[vasopressin]] and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>Russell, J. A., Walley, K. R., Singer, J., Gordon, A. C., Hebert, P. C., Cooper, D. J., et al. (2008). [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/9/877 Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock], N Engl J Med, 358(9), 877-887. {{doi|10.1056/NEJMoa067373}}.</ref> [[Norepinephrine]] may be better than [[dopamine]] according to a [[meta-analysis]].<ref name="pmid22036860">{{cite journal| author=De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL| title=Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: A meta-analysis*. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2012 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 725-30 | pmid=22036860 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823778ee | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
+===Corticosteroids===
+====Practice guidelines====
+[[Clinical practice guideline]]s by American College of Critical Care Medicine conclude "hydrocortisone should be considered in the management strategy of patients with septic shock, particularly those patients who have responded poorly to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor agents."<ref name="pmid18496365">{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |issn=}}</ref> In a [[meta-analysis]] that was included with the guidelines found greater shock reversal (at day 7) with hydrocortisone and a (insignificant) trend towards benefit in mortality".<ref name="pmid18496365"/>
-Prior meta-analyses have concluded that steroids are beneficial but these analyses did not include the CORICUS trial published in 2008.<ref name="pmid15238370">{{cite journal |author=Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, Eichacker PQ, Natanson C |title=Meta-analysis: the effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15238370 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15289273">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Keh D, Kupfer Y |title=Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=329 |issue=7464 |pages=480 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15289273 |pmc=515196 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38181.482222.55 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15289273 |issn=}}</ref>
+Regarding whether the use of steroids should be confined to patients with relative adrenal insufficiency, the guidelines state "ACTH stimulation test should not be used to identify those patients with septic shock or ARDS who should receive GC".<ref name="pmid18496365">{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |issn=}}</ref>
-Regarding whether the use of steroids should be confined to patients with relative adrenal insufficiency, the guidelines state "ACTH stimulation test should not be used to identify those patients with septic shock or ARDS who should receive GC".<ref name="pmid18496365">{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |issn=}}</ref> The recommendation is based on the similar impact of steroids on shock reversal at seven days regardless of adrenal status. However, mortality data in the French study by Annane only found benefit in the patients with relative adrenal insufficiency. Although the CORTICUS study by Sprung found no mortality benefit, these patients were not as ill. In a post hoc analysis of the CORTICUS study, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.<ref name="pmid18184957"/> Thus, confining steroids to the sickest patients who also have relative adrenal insufficiency is supported by mortality data.
+====Randomized, controlled trials====
+The most recent [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s conclude benefit.<ref name="pmid19509383">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, ''et al.'' |title=Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=301 |issue=22 |pages=2362–75 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19509383 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.815 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19509383 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18496365"/> <!--[[Meta-analysis|Meta-analyses]] of the French trial and prior trials have concluded that steroids are beneficial but these analyses did not include the CORTICUS trial published in 2008.<ref name="pmid15238370">{{cite journal |author=Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, Eichacker PQ, Natanson C |title=Meta-analysis: the effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15238370 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15289273">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Keh D, Kupfer Y |title=Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=329 |issue=7464 |pages=480 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15289273 |pmc=515196 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38181.482222.55 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15289273 |issn=}}</ref>--> In a [[meta-analysis]] that was included with the American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines found greater shock reversal (at day 7) with hydrocortisone and a (insignificant) trend towards benefit in mortality".<ref name="pmid18496365">{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |issn=}}</ref> Adding [[fludrocortisone]] may not help according to a more recent [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid20103758">{{cite journal| author=COIITSS Study Investigators. Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'honneur G et al.| title=Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 303 | issue= 4 | pages= 341-8 | pmid=20103758
+| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20103758 | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.2 }}</ref>
-;Details of individual trials
+{| class="wikitable"
-[[Corticosteroid]]s, perhaps if combined with a [[mineralocorticoid]], may reduce mortality among selected patients who have relative [[adrenal insufficiency]]<ref name="pmid12186604">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, ''et al'' |title=Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=7 |pages=862–71 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12186604 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12186604 |issn=}}</ref> It is unclear whether the corticosteroids should be combined with mineralocorticoids and whether the medications should be reserved for the sickest patients (those with persistent hypotension).
+|+ Major trials of low dose corticosteroids for septic shock among patients with relative adrenal insufficiency.<ref name="pmid18184957">{{cite journal |author=Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, ''et al'' |title=Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18184957 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071366 |issn=|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/2/111}}</ref><ref name="pmid12186604">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, ''et al'' |title=Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=7 |pages=862–71 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12186604 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12186604 |issn=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="2"|Trial!!rowspan="2"|Patients!!rowspan="2"|Interventions!!rowspan="2"|Outcomes!!colspan="2"|Results for patients with<br/>relative adrenal insufficiency!!rowspan="2"|Comments
+|-
+! Control!!Intervention
+|-
+| CORTICUS<ref name="pmid18184957"/><br/>2008||499 patients<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Onset of shock &le; 72 hours<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Adrenal insufficiency]]: 47%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Critical_care#SAPS_II|SAPS II score]]: 50<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Intratracheal intubation: 100%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Arterial [[lactic acid|lactate]]: 4.0|| align="center"|200 mg/day of [[hydrocortisone]] for 7 days|| 28-day mortality||align="center"|36%||align="center"|39%||In a post hoc analysis, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.<ref name="pmid18184957"/>
+|-
+| French study<ref name="pmid12186604"/><br/>2002||300 patients<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Onset of shock &le; 3 hours<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Adrenal insufficiency]]: 76%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;[[Critical_care#SAPS_II|SAPS II score]]: 59<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Intratracheal intubation: 88%<br/>&bull;&nbsp;Arterial [[lactic acid|lactate]]: 4.5|| align="center"|200 mg/day of [[hydrocortisone]] for 7 days<br>50 microgram/day [[fludrocortisone]]||28-day mortality||align="center"|63%||align="center"|53%||
+|}
-Although the largest and most recent [[randomized controlled trial]] was negative, its patients were less sick (as evidenced by less stringent inclusion criteria and less mortality in the control group) and mineralcorticoids were not given as a co-treatment.<ref name="pmid18184957">{{cite journal |author=Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, ''et al'' |title=Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18184957 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071366 |issn=}}</ref> In a post hoc analysis of the CORTICUS study, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.<ref name="pmid18184957"/>
+Although the largest and most recent [[randomized controlled trial]] (CORTICUS<ref name="pmid18184957">{{cite journal |author=Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, ''et al'' |title=Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18184957 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071366 |issn=}}</ref>) was negative, its patients were less sick (as evidenced by less stringent inclusion criteria and less mortality in the control group) and mineralcorticoids were not given as a co-treatment as compared to the French trial be Annane<ref name="pmid12186604">{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, ''et al'' |title=Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=7 |pages=862–71 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12186604 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12186604 |issn=}}</ref>. In a post hoc analysis of the CORTICUS study, the sickest patients ("systolic blood pressure persisting at less than 90 mm Hg within 30 hours") had better outcomes when given corticosteroids.<ref name="pmid18184957"/>
-The lack of mineralocorticoid  in the new study may not be important. In the new trial, the total hydrocortisone per day in the new trial is 200 mg. This equates to 200/250 or 0.8 mg (800 microgram) fludrocortisone (see relative potency table for [[corticosteroid]]s). The French study by Annane used 50 microgram daily of fludrocortisone.<ref name="pmid12186604"/>
+The lack of mineralocorticoid in the new study may not be important. In the new trial, the total hydrocortisone per day in the new trial is 200 mg. This equates to 200/250 or 0.8 mg (800 microgram) fludrocortisone (see relative potency table for [[corticosteroid]]s). The French study by Annane used 50 microgram daily of fludrocortisone.<ref name="pmid12186604"/>
+====Non-randomized studies====
+Non-randomized studies suggest benefit from steroids.<ref name="pmid23631750">{{cite journal| author=Miller RR, Dong L, Nelson NC, Brown SM, Kuttler KG, Probst DR et al.| title=Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 188 | issue= 1 | pages= 77-82 | pmid=23631750 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201212-2199OC | pmc=PMC3735248 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23631750  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25072758">{{cite journal| author=Funk D, Doucette S, Pisipati A, Dodek P, Marshall JC, Kumar A et al.| title=Low-dose corticosteroid treatment in septic shock: a propensity-matching study. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 2333-41 | pmid=25072758 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000000518 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25072758  }} </ref>
 ===Activated protein C===
@@ Line 51: / Line 99: @@
 ===Tissue factor pathway inhibitor ===
 [[Recombinant protein|Recombinant]] human tissue factor ([[thromboplastin]]) pathway inhibitor, also called [[tifacogin]], was found ''not'' to be effective in a [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid12851279">{{cite journal |author=Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, ''et al'' |title=Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=2 |pages=238–47 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12851279 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.2.238 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12851279 |issn=}}</ref>
+===Transfusion===
+Similar outcomes occur if the threshhold for [[erythrocyte transfusion]] is 7 or 9 g per deciliter.<ref name="pmid25270275">{{cite journal| author=Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S et al.| title=Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 371 | issue= 15 | pages= 1381-91 | pmid=25270275 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1406617 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25270275  }} </ref>
+===Polymyxin B hemoperfusion===
+[[Hemoperfusion]] through a [[polymyxin B]] column, intended to reduce circulating endotoxin,<ref>{{citation
+ | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/301/23/2445
+ | journal = JAMA
+ | date = 2009 Jun 17
+ | volume = 301| issue = 23 | pages = 2445-52
+ | title = Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial.
+ | author = Cruz DN ''et al.''
+}}</ref> may be beneficial according to a [[systematic review]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s.<ref name="pmid17448226">{{cite journal |author=Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review |journal=Crit Care |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=R47 |year=2007 |pmid=17448226 |pmc=2206475 |doi=10.1186/cc5780 |url=http://ccforum.com/content/11/2/R47 |issn=}}</ref>
+===Intensive insulin===
+Intensive insulin for a target serum glucose of 80 and 110 mg/dL does not help.<ref name="pmid20103758">{{cite journal| author=COIITSS Study Investigators. Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'honneur G et al.| title=Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2010 | volume= 303 | issue= 4 | pages= 341-8 | pmid=20103758
+| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20103758 | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.2 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>
+==Prognosis==
+The mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock has dropped by almost half since the initial study of goal-directed therapy.<ref name="pmid24638143">{{cite journal| author=Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R| title=Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 13 | pages= 1308-16 | pmid=24638143 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.2637 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24638143  }} </ref>
 ==References==
-<references/>
+{{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Septic shock: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:01, 17 October 2024

Contents

Epidemiology

Complications

Myocardial dysfunction

Treatment

Antibiotics

Goal-directed resuscitation

Vasopressors

Corticosteroids

Practice guidelines

Randomized, controlled trials

Non-randomized studies

Activated protein C

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Transfusion

Polymyxin B hemoperfusion

Intensive insulin

Prognosis

References

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Septic shock: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:01, 17 October 2024

Epidemiology

Complications

Myocardial dysfunction

Treatment

Antibiotics

Goal-directed resuscitation

Vasopressors

Corticosteroids

Practice guidelines

Randomized, controlled trials

Non-randomized studies

Activated protein C

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Transfusion

Polymyxin B hemoperfusion

Intensive insulin

Prognosis

References

Navigation menu

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