Schober's test
In medicine, the Schober's test is a physical examination maneuver to test spinal mobility.[1] [2][3][4][4]
In the original Schober test, the patient stands erect and the examiner marks the skin over the spine at the level of the lumbosacral junction was identified. A second mark is made 10 cm above the first mark. After the patient then bends forward as far as possible, the examiner remeasures the distance between the two points. The result is given as the increase in the distance over the original 10 cm.[5]
In the modified Schober test, a third mark is placed 5 cm below the first mark, in other words, 5 cm below the lumbosacral junction.[5] The normal increase in the 15 cm test is 6.2 cm (women 5.5 cm and men 7.1 cm).[5] An abnormal result is defined as being less than two standard deviations below the mean after adjusting for age and gender.[5] One standard deviation is 1.33 cm. The equation for predicted increase for men is:
- distance = 8.04 - 0.029 * (age)
The equation for predicted increase for women is:
- distance = 8.14 - 0.051 * (age)
One problem with the test is that the Dimples of Venus, which overlay the posterior superior iliac spines and are used to locate the lumbosacral junction (L5 and S1), are absent in 26% of patients in some populations.[6]
References
- ↑ Schober Von P. Lendenwirbelsäule und Kreuzschmerzen (The lumbar vertebral column and backache). Munch Med Wsclir 1937:84:336-8.
- ↑ Haywood KL, Garratt AM, Jordan K, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT (June 2004). "Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness". Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 (6): 750–7. DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/keh169. PMID 15163832. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Kaya T, Gelal F, Gunaydin R (November 2006). "The relationship between severity and extent of spinal involvement and spinal mobility and physical functioning in patients with ankylosing spondylitis". Clin. Rheumatol. 25 (6): 835–9. DOI:10.1007/s10067-005-0180-3. PMID 16391887. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fernández-Sueiro JL, Willisch A, Pértega-Díaz S, et al. (March 2009). "Evaluation of ankylosing spondylitis spinal mobility measurements in the assessment of spinal involvement in psoriatic arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 61 (3): 386–92. DOI:10.1002/art.24280. PMID 19248134. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Macrae IF, Wright V (November 1969). "Measurement of back movement". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 28 (6): 584–9. PMID 5363241. PMC 1031291. [e]
- ↑ Miller SA, Mayer T, Cox R, Gatchel RJ (March 1992). "Reliability problems associated with the modified Schöber technique for true lumbar flexion measurement". Spine 17 (3): 345–8. DOI:10.1097/00007632-199203000-00017. PMID 1533063. Research Blogging.