# Ackermann function

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In computability theory, the Ackermann function or Ackermann-Péter function is a simple example of a computable function that is not primitive recursive. The set of primitive recursive functions is a subset of the set of general recursive functions. Ackermann's function is an example that shows that the former is a strict subset of the latter. [1].

## Definition

The Ackermann function is defined recursively for non-negative integers m and n as follows::

${\displaystyle A(m,n)={\begin{cases}n+1&{\mbox{if }}m=0\\A(m-1,1)&{\mbox{if }}m>0{\mbox{ and }}n=0\\A(m-1,A(m,n-1))&{\mbox{if }}m>0{\mbox{ and }}n>0.\end{cases}}}$

## Rapid growth

Its value grows rapidly; even for small inputs, for example A(4,2) contains 19,729 decimal digits [2].

## Holomorphic extensions

The lowest Ackermann functions allow the extension to the complex values of the second argument. In particular,

${\displaystyle A(0,z)=z+1}$
${\displaystyle A(1,z)=z+2=2+(n\!+\!3)-3}$
${\displaystyle A(2,z)=2z+3=2\!\cdot \!(n\!+\!3)-3}$

The 3th Ackermann function is related to the exponential on base 2 through

${\displaystyle A(3,z)=\exp _{2}(z\!+\!3)-3=2^{z+3}-3}$

The 4th Ackermann function is related to tetration on base 2 through

${\displaystyle A(4,z)=\mathrm {tet} _{2}(z+3)-3}$

which allows its holomorphic extension for the complex values of the second argument. [3]

For ${\displaystyle n>4}$ no holomorphic extension of ${\displaystyle A(n,z)}$ to complex values of ${\displaystyle z}$ is yet reported.

## References

1. Wilhelm Ackermann (1928). "Zum Hilbertschen Aufbau der reellen Zahlen". Mathematische Annalen 99: 118–133. DOI:10.1007/BF01459088. Research Blogging.
2. Decimal expansion of A(4,2)
3. D. Kouznetsov. Ackermann functions of complex argument. Preprint ILS, 2008, http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/2008ackermann.pdf