User:John Stephenson/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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imported>John Stephenson
(Replacing page with '*[http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/celtic/poileasaidh Rannsachadh air poileasaidh cànain agus dealbhadh cànain - Research on Language Policy and Language Planning] - [[University of ...')
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===Manga===
*[http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/celtic/poileasaidh Rannsachadh air poileasaidh cànain agus dealbhadh cànain - Research on Language Policy and Language Planning] - [[University of Edinburgh]]-based research on language planning in [[Scotland]]; articles in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] or [[English language|English]].
{{main|Manga}}
[[Image:Manga-magazines.jpg|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Manga-magazines.jpg/credit|{{Manga-magazines.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Manga and magazines on sale in Japan.]]
One of the most popular forms of entertainment in Japan is ''manga'' (漫画; in ''[[hiragan]]'' まんが; in ''[[katakana]]'' マンガ), meaning print '[[comic]]s' or '[[cartoon]]s'; <ref name="Lent">Lent (2001).</ref><ref name="Schodt1986">Schodt (1986). </ref> Manga are immensely popular in Japan<ref>Schodt (1986), ''op. cit.,'' Chapter 1, pp. 12-27.</ref><ref>Thorn, Matt 29th September 2008. 'Just how much do those Japanese read manga?' http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=261 ; 'More stats on manga reading in Japan'. http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=272 Accessed 3rd October, 2008.</ref> and, in the past two decades, have become popular worldwide, with the word now firmly established in the [[English language]] to refer to these.
 
Typically, manga are printed in black and white, and as is the case with much other Japanese reading matter, are read from right to left, starting from the 'back' of the book. They cover a wide variety of topics, from adventure, romance, and [[horror]] to [[sports]], [[science fiction]], and explicit sexuality.<ref name=Schodt1986/><ref name="Gravett2004">Gravett (2004: 8).</ref><ref name="Masanao">Masanao (2004).</ref><ref name = "KoRich">Koyama-Richard (2007).</ref> Drawing styles vary considerably, from intricate and complex page layouts to simple line drawings.<ref name="Schodt1986"/><ref name="Gravett2004"/> Manga stories cover all kinds of adventures, with four creations particularly well-known: the robot-child ''Astro Boy'' (or ''Mighty Atom'', i.e. 鉄腕アトム ''Tetsuwan Atomu''); the independently-minded lady ''Sazae-san'' (サザエさん); the time-travelling mechanical cat ''Doraemon'' (ドラえもん); and ''Black Jack'' (ブラック・ジャック), the tale of an underworld surgeon who performs implausible operations to save the innocent. The artist [[Osamu Tezuka]] (手塚 治虫 ''Tezuka Osamu'') became known as the 'God of Manga' for giving the world ''Astro Boy'' in 1952,<ref>Schodt (2007).</ref> and was also responsible for developing ''Black Jack'' in the 1970s. ''Doraemon'' has been thrilling readers since 1969, and these adventures have been the recipient of several awards, including ''Asahi Shimbun'''s 'Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize' (手塚治虫文化賞, ''Tezuka Osamu Bunkashō'') in 1997. The cat was also recognised by ''Time Asia'' magazine in 2006 as an 'Asian Hero', or cultural icon.<ref>''Time Asia'': '[http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/heroes/doraemon.html The Cuddliest Hero in Asia]'. 2006.</ref>
 
Manga are typically published first in [[magazine]]s and then in paperback [[book]]s called  単行本 ''tankoobon'', and, if popular enough, then animated.<ref name="Kinsella">Kinsella (2000).</ref> Manga also serve as an interesting way of getting the news: government ministries as well as corporations have often used manga to put across complicated ideas to the public.<ref>For a controversial example of the use of manga to explain defence policy, see ''Mainichi Daily News'': '[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/culture/waiwai/archive/news/2007/07/20070724p2g00m0dm010000c.html Defense Ministry turns to 'Lolita' manga character to reveal inner self]'. 24th July 2007.</ref>
 
In Japan, manga are read by people of all ages, and fans can be seen reading their favourite stories in 24-hour convenience stores or with [[coffee]] in special round-the-clock 'manga cafés' (漫画喫茶 or マンガ喫茶, ''manga kissa''). Another place to find the legions of manga readers is at the three-day 'Comic Market' (コミック・マーケット ''Komikku Māketto'') in Tokyo, Japan's largest public indoor gathering; at this magazine fair a vast number of manga are available to browse and buy.<ref>''Comiket.co.jp'': '[http://www.comiket.co.jp/info-a/WhatIsEng080225.pdf What is the Comic Market?]'. Official information from the organising committee.</ref>
 
Artists outside Japan have adopted many manga techniques.<ref>Tai, Elizabeth. 23rd September 2007. ''The Star Online'': 'Manga outside Japan'.  http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf Accessed 3rd October 2008.</ref> Manga-influenced comics include not only work by US artists,<ref>Cha, Kai-Ming and Calvin Reid, 17th October 2005. ''Publishers Weekly'': 'Manga in English: Born in the USA'. http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6272269.html Accessed 3rd October 2008.</ref> but also [[Korea]]n ''manhwa''<ref>''Japan Times'': '[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html Manga by any other name is...]'. 28th May 2006.</ref> and [[China|Chinese]] ''manhua''<ref name="Wong 2002">Wong (2002).</ref><ref name="Wong 2006">Wong (2006).</ref> as well as "la nouvelle manga" by [[Frédèric Boilet]] and his collaborators.<ref name="Boilet">Boilet (2003).</ref> Since May 2007, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has recognised excellence for non-Japanese manga in its annual International Manga Award.<ref>MOFA: First International MANGA Award. http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html Accessed 3rd October 2008.</ref>
 
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Revision as of 01:34, 3 November 2008

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