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[[Image:Scarborough-castle-keep.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The entire west wall, roof and interior floors of [[Scarborough Castle]]'s [[keep]], as viewed from the [[barbican]] gateway, were destroyed in 1645 by [[artillery]] bombardment during the [[English Civil War]].]]
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The '''Great [[Siege]] of [[Scarborough Castle]]''' was a major conflict for control of one of [[England]]'s most important stone fortresses during the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651), fought between [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s parliamentary [[Roundheads]] and the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] loyal to King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (reigned 1625-1649). In February 1645, Parliamentary forces laid siege to the castle for five months of bombardment and bloody fighting, destroying most of the [[keep]], before the defenders finally surrendered. This was a significant though short-lived victory in [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s bid to replace the [[monarchy]] with his own [[republicanism|republican]] regime, one which led to a second, far less bloody and destructive siege later in the year when the new garrison switched sides. The castle finally came under Parliamentary control from December 1645, and remained so until the restoration of the monarchy.
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==Background==
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The English Civil War saw [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], its castle and strategic supply port on the side of Charles I, with 700 Royalist soldiers led by Sir [[Sir Hugh Cholmley, 1st Baronet|Hugh Cholmley]] - who originally occupied the [[castle]] as a Parliamentarian loyal to Cromwell in September 1642, but swapped sides in March 1643.<ref>Page (1923).</ref> The castle was the property of the Thompson family, so Cholmley tried to purchase it while at the same time upgrading its defences. He claimed to have spent £200 on the castle while the Thompsons, who initially offered to sell it for £600, raised the price to £800 - which Cholmley was unprepared to pay. In letters to his masters he branded them "malignant", but did not have enough local support to oust the family altogether.<ref>Binns (1996: 82-83).</ref>
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Cholmley actually lost the castle in a bloodless takeover by his own [[cousin]], Captain [[Browne Bushell]], in March 1643 while away at [[York]], but persuaded him to give it back. (Bushell would be tried and executed by the Roundheads in 1651 for the offence of surrendering the castle, despite his capture as a [[piracy|pirate]] in 1648.)<ref>Goodall (2000: 29-31); Binns (1996: 95; 223-225).</ref> The castle changed hands seven times between 1642 and 1648,<ref>Binns (1996: 73-220); Page (1923).</ref> and was refortified on Cholmley's orders, including establishment of the the South Steel Battery for [[artillery]] and the procurement of [[lead]], [[timber]] and [[iron]] from the wider region.<ref>Binns (1996: 141).</ref>
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===Royalist stronghold===
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After March 1643, although Cholmley was the only Royalist commander at work in east and north [[Yorkshire]], his forces felt so secure at Scarborough that they could move almost freely throughout the region, targeting Parliamentary positions. In May, Cholmley's [[cavalry]] moved north of [[Whitby]], 20 miles away, and pillaged the estate of the Earl of Mulgrave, a loyal Parliamentarian. June saw Cholmley capture the marketplace at [[Beverley]], some 30 miles from the castle, and from September to October 1643 he was present at the unsuccessful second Royalist siege of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].<ref>Binns (1996: 99-101).</ref>
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Though Royalist siege and [[kidnap]] was a nuisance to the Parliamentarians, these victories were never decisive, and Parliament considered the King's south-western strongholds far more important targets.<ref>Binns (1996: 109-110).</ref> However, [[piracy]] would ensure that Scarborough became a priority. As a Royalist port, it was a safe haven for its captains to plunder [[coal]] ships, and it was also a place where arms were brought ashore. The supplies gained by the Royalists were the work of "pyrates" according to the London press, and "Devine power and providence" according to Sir Hugh Cholmley; but regardless of the [[propaganda]] war, the supply of coal to London was being seriously impeded by the forces based at Scarborough Castle, a fact that would become more pressing as winter approached.<ref>Binns (1996: 110-113).</ref>
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The Royalist failures at Hull signalled the onset of a Parliamentary victory across Yorkshire, with the exception of Cholmley's garrison at Scarborough Castle. After the entry of [[Scotland]] into the war on Parliament's side in early 1644, the Royalist defeat at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] and York's surrender to the Roundheads in July 1644, many of Cholmley's garrison deserted and the castle fell into disrepair. When [[Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Lord Fairfax]]'s Parliamentary forces reached the edge of the town that August, Cholmley bought time to upgrade the castle defences by opening surrender negotiations, an act that would allow him to hold out for a year.<ref>Page (1923).</ref>
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==The Great Siege==
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On 18th February 1645, Sir [[John Meldrum]] took the town with 1700 men and almost no casualties,<ref>Binns (1996: 131).</ref> cutting off any escape routes by land or sea, taking the South Steel Battery<ref>Binns (1996: 141).</ref> and delivering the last Royalist port for Parliament.<ref>Page (1923).</ref> The same day, Cholmley retreated into the castle and refused to give in, so the Parliamentarians prepared for what would be a five-month siege - one of the most bloody of the Civil War, with almost continuous fighting.
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{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:30%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
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|''Scarborough Castle is not so effectively besieged as were necessary for the carrying of a place of so great concernment to the public... if this could also be taken there would be no place left along all the coast for the enemy to retire unto... We consider the taking in of that Castle to be of greater consequence than any inland fort whatsoever can be... Send thither what foot forces you can spare, as they could nowhere be employed to greater advantage.''
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Order from the [[Committee of Both Kingdoms]], 1st May 1645<ref>Binns (1996: 147).</ref>
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Meldrum had taken the town and secured the port, but that was as far as his luck held. Parliament was less interested in the castle now that the port was theirs, and he was now forced to appeal for extra funds from other ports by raising the spectre of Royalist pirates such as Browne Bushell making devastating raids on Parliamentary supply lines. Over several weeks, as the funds began to trickle through to Scarborough, allowing Meldrum the forces he needed to attempt an all-out siege, Parliament came round to the idea that besieging the castle should be prioritised.<ref>Binns (1996: 145-147).</ref> The siege was delayed for six weeks, however, while Meldrum recovered from an astonishing fall over the cliff edge on 24th March; according to Cholmley, he had been trying to retrieve his [[hat]] from the wind, though the more likely explanation is that a sudden gust blew him off the cliff. Meanwhile, the garrison initially had access to drinking [[water]] from local springs and the 'Well of Our Lady' near the cliff edge (the other well being dry), along with stockpiled food, which allowed them to effectively defend the castle for months.<ref>Binns (1996: 141-142; 150-151; 159-160).</ref> The sudden absence of Meldrum and his leadership was quickly noticed by Cholmley, who sent his men to make a successful surprise attack on the South Steel Battery, claiming 100 casualties and 20 prisoners, from whom he learnt of Meldrum's misfortune.<ref>Binns (1996: 151).</ref>
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===Bombardment of the castle===
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[[Image:Scarborough-castle-barbican.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Fierce hand-to-hand fighting erupted around the [[barbican]] entrance to Scarborough Castle during the Great Siege of 1645.]]  
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Once Meldrum resumed command in May, the Parliamentary forces set up what was then the largest [[cannon]] in the country, the ''Cannon Royal'', in the twelfth-century St. Mary's Church below the castle, and proceeded to fire 56-65lb (27kg) [[cannonball]]s that pounded the castle's defences;<ref>Goodall (2000: 29-31).</ref> the Royalists replied with their own forward battery under Browne Bushell. The [[church]] was extensively damaged over the three days of fighting, and is partly ruined to this day; records report that Cholmley ''"did great mischief to St. Mary's"'', though it is more likely that the Parliamentary [[gun]] blasts did more damage<ref>Pope (p.13). Church booklet; St. Mary's with Holy Apostles' Church website: [http://www.scarborough-stmarys.org.uk/history.shtml A Brief History of St. Mary's by Stan Pope]'; Binns (1996: 165-166).</ref> to a building that was already decaying.<ref>Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society (2003: 31).</ref> The bombardment partially destroyed the castle keep by collapsing the west wall, its roof, the floors and its interior staircase,<ref>Binns (1996: 263).</ref> to the amazement of both sides, who briefly ceased fighting. Without the outer walls breached, however, the Parliamentary forces were unable to take the castle immediately afterwards, and indeed had inadvertently supplied the defenders with a large pile of rubble that could be used for cover and ammunition. Meldrum failed to realise until it was too late that the Royalists were cut off from the barbican by the sheer amount of rubble blocking the way, and therefore did not attempt to take the castle entranceway until the Royalists had already broken through and retaken control. Preferring to make a further surrender demand that was refused, Meldrum was only able to take Bushell's battery, where he set up 34-pound cannons to target the castle yard. On the night of 10th May, the Royalists moved against the artillery battery, destroying it, and the Parliamentary forces retreated in some disarray, taking heavy casualties. There followed a period of particularly bloody hand-to-hand fighting around the [[barbican]] gateway the next day, where neither side took prisoners; ultimately, Sir John Meldrum was mortally wounded by a musket ball ''"in att the bellie and out of the backe"'' (Cholmley). The London press blamed the defeat on the desperation and drunken boldness of the Royalists, but acknowledged that victory by force rather than slow siege was now unlikely.<ref>Binns (1996: 153-157).</ref>
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===Surrender===
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By July 1645, the tide was turning in the Parliamentarians' favour: [[Sir Matthew Boynton, 1st Baronet|Sir Matthew Boynton]] had replaced Meldrum, favouring cannon fire from land and sea over infantry assault. Bombardment, [[scurvy]], lack of [[water]], perhaps a shortage of [[gunpowder]] and the threat of starvation meant that the castle's surrender came at noon on 25th July, with only 25 men fit to fight. Fewer than half the original 500 defenders emerged alive, receiving a less-than-warm welcome from the townsfolk, who had endured great hardship during the siege. Perhaps to bring a quick end to hostilities, Cholmley had received unprecedently good surrender terms: three days to leave the castle, free passage to [[Netherlands|Holland]], and protection from threat or intimidation. Additionally, Lady Cholmley was allowed to return to the family home at [[Whitby]], though she found the house ransacked. His family would be ultimately reunited abroad, but in 1645 the Cholmleys were almost penniless, especially once Sir Hugh had distributed a £200 loan from his brother to his men. Nevertheless, Cholmley avoided capture and execution, as had befallen earlier opponents of Cromwell, and left for exile in Holland. His memoirs of 1647 comprise a detailed historical record of the event, though inevitably embellished with Sir High's own slant on the Great Siege.<ref>Binns (1996: 157-165; 269).</ref>
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==Aftermath==
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Initially repaired and rearmed for Parliament with a company of 160 to hold the castle and man the gun batteries, the castle returned to Royalist hands when the soldiers went unpaid; Matthew Boynton, its new governor and son of the elder Boynton, declared for the King on 27th July 1648.<ref>Binns (1996: 199).</ref> This led to a second siege which brought the castle back under Parliamentary control on 19th December, with the garrison defeated as much by the oncoming winter as by the Parliamentary forces.<ref>Binns (1996: 207-212).</ref> Following this, the castle was to have been demolished by an order of July 1649, to prevent it being used as a Royalist stronghold, but a local outcry saved it,<ref>Goodall (2000: 31-32); Page (1923).</ref> along with new fears that resurgent Royalist forces, aided by [[France|Frenchmen]], were plotting to retake Scarborough, and the actual appearance of Dutch vessels in the [[harbour]].<ref>Binns (1996: 219-220); Page (1923).</ref> Instead, it was used as a [[prison]] for those deemed enemies of the [[Commonwealth of England]], the country's brief period of [[republicanism]]; the shell of the keep survives, minus the west wall. The castle was returned to the Crown following the restoration of the monarchy.
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==Footnotes==
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Latest revision as of 17:39, 4 March 2021


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