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{{PD-text|article|Joe Quick}}
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<references />
==Resources==
==Resources==
For [[Tecum Umam]] --  
For [[Tecum Umam]] --  
*http://www.popolvuh.ufm.edu.gt/AkkerenTU.pdf
*http://www.masksoftheworld.com/Guatemala/Guatemalan%20Tecun%20Uman%20Mask.htm
 
*http://www.colonialarts.com/product.php?id=2201
 
*http://www.canalwelcomecenter.org/ARTISTASLOCALES.asp
*http://www.mayan-treasures.com/wood_masks.htm


==Notes to myself about article development==
==Notes to myself about article development==
*Send note to Marco Palma when [[Tecum Umam]] reaches "developed article" stage.
*Send note to Marco Palma when [[Tecum Umam]] reaches "developed article" stage.
===Maya peoples===
''Moved from category:'' For the purposes of this list, '''"Maya Peoples"''' designates groups that share the Maya [[macroculture]] of southern [[Mesoamerica]], which encompasses the pre-Hispanic cultures extending from the [[Yucatan]] Peninsula in present day Mexico south to present day [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]] as well as several dozen modern ethnic groups in the same region "who speak diverse historically related languages and share distinctive culture and cosmology."<ref>Warren, Kay B. 1998. Pan-Mayanism and Multiculturalism in Guatemala.  Electronic document, http://dkc.jhu.edu/~scholz/Iprints/warren.htm, accessed January 20, 2007.</ref>




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Traditional Maya religious custom, or ''[[costumbre]]'', is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] conglomeration of pre-Columbian traditions and [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]]. It combines devotion to the Catholic saints and celebrations of the Catholic festivals with traditional dances and elaborate ceremonies conducted at ceremonial sites that are scattered throughout the surrounding mountains.
Traditional Maya religious custom, or ''[[costumbre]]'', is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] conglomeration of pre-Columbian traditions and [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]]. It combines devotion to the Catholic saints and celebrations of the Catholic festivals with traditional dances and elaborate ceremonies conducted at ceremonial sites that are scattered throughout the surrounding mountains.


[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] has become increasingly strong since its arrival in the region in the 1970s.
[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] has become increasingly strong since its arrival in the region in the 1970s.[http://www.amazon.com/Politics-Spirit-Political-Implications-Pentecostalized/dp/0739104462/ref=sr_1_1/002-0550295-5778457?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1176438501&sr=8-1]




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==Destination:[[Tecum Umam]]==
==Destination: [[Maya costumbre]]==
'''Tecum Umam''' (also '''Tecún Umán''' or '''Tekum Umam''') was a legendary figure of [[Guatemala]]n and [[K'iche']] history.  Raised to the status of a national hero of Guatemala, celebrated by poets and invoked in ritual and festival contexts throughout the highlands, Tecum Umam is known as the defender of the K'iche' people and a symbol of indigenous resistance because of his role in the indigenous military resistance to the Spanish conquest of his homeland.
'''Maya costumbre''' refers to the [[syncretic]] religios practices of post-colonial [[Maya peoples]].  The term is necessarily imprecise because there are some 30(?) distinct modern Maya [[ethnic group]]s spread over a region that encompasses parts of five countries and a number of different ecological zones.  Needless to say, religious practices vary widely, but a number of prominent themes and a shared heritage are held in common by most or all of the many local variations of costumbre.
 
[[Image:Tecun_Uman_statue-Guatemala_City.jpg |left|thumb|200 px|Statue of Tecum Umam located in Zona 13, Guatemala City]]
===The legend===
The legend of Tecum Umam tells us that he commanded the thousands of K'iche' warriors who met the army of invading Spanish and indigenous warriors under [[Pedro de Alvarado]] on the plains of El Pinar in February of 1524.  In the midst of the fray, Tecum Umam and Alvarado met face to face, each with weapon in hand.  Alvarado was mounted on a horse and clad in armor while Tecum Umam wore the feathers of his [[nagual]] (animal spirit companion), the quetzal. A battle ensued that claimed the life of the K'iche' hero.
 
Taking to the sky in the form of an eagle, Tecum Umam struck down Alvarado's horse believing man and animal to be one and the same.  He realized his error and turned for a second attack but Alvarado's spear pierced his opponent's chest and Tecum Umam fell to the ground dead.  Then a quetzal landed on the fallen hero's chest, staining its breast feathers red with blood; the bright colors of the quetzal continue to remind us today of the great deeds of Tecum Umam.
 
This legend is often held to be largely apocryphal<ref name="Wilhelm 1994">Ronald W. Wilhelm. 1994. Columbus's Legacy, Conquest or Invasion? An Analysis of Counterhegemonic Potential in Guatemalan Teacher Practice and Curriculum. Anthropology and Education 25(3): 173-195.</ref> but it is also widely assumed to ultimately be built around the actions of a real person.<ref name="Akkeren 2004">Ruud W. van Akkeren. 2004. [http://www.popolvuh.ufm.edu.gt/AkkerenTU.pdf Tecum Umam: ¿Personaje Mítico o Histórico?] Paper presented at Ciclo de Conferencias 2004, Museo Popul Vuh, Universidad Francisco Marroquín</ref><ref name="Contreras 2004">J. Daniel Contreras R. 2004. Dos guerreros indígenas. <i>In</i> El Memorial de Sololá y los inicios de la colonización española en Guatemala. J. Daniel Contreras R. and Jorge Luján Muñoz, eds. Pp. 65-76. Guatemala City: Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala. ISBN 99922-737-1-2</ref>  Evidence to support both claims is found in a number of indigenous and Spanish documents that have surfaced over the years.  The legend's absolute accuracy notwithstanding, Tecum Umam has inspired a wide variety of activities ranging from the production of statues and poetry to the retelling of the legend in the form of folkloric dances to prayers to the defender of the K'iche' for protection.
 
===Tecum Umam's Legacy===
====National Hero====
Tecum Umam was declared a National Hero of Guatemalan on March 22, 1960<ref name="Contreras 2004" /> and is the only figure to have earned that title.  He is celebrated annually on February 20 and is memorialized by prominent statues in [[Guatemala City]] and [[Quetzaltenango]].  Tecum Umam's namesakes include a small town in the department of San Marcos on the Guatemala-Mexico border as well as countless hotels, restaurants, and Spanish schools throughout Guatemala.
 
Nobel laureate [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] memorialized the K'iche' hero in a poem that bears his name.<ref>Miguel Ángel Asturias. Tecún Umán. [http://www.palabravirtual.com/index.php?ir=ver_poema1.php&pid=1766 Electronic document.] [http://web.archive.org/web/20051112190416/http://palabravirtual.com/index.php?ir=ver_poema1.php&pid=1766 Archived] November 12, 2005.</ref>  The poem elegantly reflects the broader themes of Tecum Umam's heroic status as it is expressed by national discourse that glorifies him as an ancestor of all Guatemalans, the embodied fusion of Spanish and Maya.<ref>Carol Hendrickson. 1985. Guatemala - Everybody's Indian When the Occasion's Right. Cultural Survival 9(2):22-23.</ref>  Employing Asturias' characteristic use of themes borrowed from Guatemala's indigenous cultures and his unique style of [[magical realism]], the poem finds the seeds of liberty in the person of Tecum Umam. 
 
[[Image:Half_quetzal_bill_%28guatemala%29.jpg|thumb|284 px|The Q 0.50 bill.]]
A bust of the K'iche' hero is also featured on the front of Guatemala's 0.50 Quetzal bill.  To the left of Tecum Umam is the [[Resplendent Quetzal]] for which the currency is named.  This is the national bird of Guatemala as well as the spiritual companion, or [[nagual]] of Tecum Umam.  The bird's bright red chest and the elegant tail feathers are both significant in the legend outlined above.
 
Tecum Umam's presence on this bill is notable because it places him in the company of some of the most important figures in Guatemalan history.  He joins the ranks of other national heroes and founding fathers that are featured on Guatemala's currency, among whom are [[Justo Rufino Barrios]], a military leader in his own right and president of Guatemala from 1873 until 1885; [[Mariano Gálvez]], chief of state of Guatemala from 1831 until 1838; and [[Francisco Marroquín]], an early defender of the rights of indigenous peoples against Alvarado's governance.
 
====Kíche' Hero====
*Baile de la conquista
*Images present in ritual context (San Simón's room, etc.)
 
[[Image:Tecun Uman statue-Quetzaltenango.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Statue of Tecun Uman located in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
<small><BR><BR>Photo © by Marco Palma, used by [[Image_talk:Tecun Uman statue-Quetzaltenango.jpg/Permission|permission]]</small>.]]
 
===Did he exist?===
Tecum Umam's status as either a man or a myth is a topic of lengthy and ongoing discussion.  Historical research has demonstrated with some degree of surety that the man celebrated as a national hero of Guatemala probably did not exist quite as he is presented in the legend outlined above, but there is also strong evidence to suggest that this character was not simply dreamed up.<ref name="Akkeren 2004" />
 
One piece of evidence comes from Alvarado himself in a letter written to [[Hernán Cortés]].


====U b'i Tecum Umam - Tecum Umam's name====
*Mesoamerican heritage
"Tecum Umam" was almost certainly not the proper name of the fallen K'iche' lord who Alvarado mentioned in his letter to Cortes, though it may have functioned as a sort of title. Ruud W. van Akkeren<ref name="Akkeren 2004" /> provides several insights on this topic.
**Olmec through post-classic Maya
**Themes, practices, ideas, cosmology
**Quincunx
***Four directions
***Four colors
*Iberian Heritage
**Cults to saints trace back to spain
***cargos (?)
*Fusion - saints, cofradias, etc.
**Conversion of the saints
***Carlsen and Prechtel. 1991. The Flowering of the Dead. Man 26(1):23-42.
***Clendinnen. Ambivalent Conquests.
*Outline by region (Do we need to do this?  Very helpful to know differences but extremely wor-intesive proposition.)
**Yucatán
**Lacandon Jungle (?)
**Highland Chiapas
**Western Highlands, Guatemala
**Eastern Guatemala
**Pacific Coast (?)
**Belize (?)
**Others?
*Modern influences
**Pan-Maya Movement
**Catholic Action
**Evangelical Protestantism
**Others

Latest revision as of 04:05, 22 November 2023


The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.


Notice: Portions of this article are sourced from article, a work by Joe Quick that is now in the public domain because its copyright has expired.
Notice: Portions of this article are sourced from article, a work that is now in the public domain because its copyright has expired.


Resources

For Tecum Umam --

Notes to myself about article development

  • Send note to Marco Palma when Tecum Umam reaches "developed article" stage.

Maya peoples

Moved from category: For the purposes of this list, "Maya Peoples" designates groups that share the Maya macroculture of southern Mesoamerica, which encompasses the pre-Hispanic cultures extending from the Yucatan Peninsula in present day Mexico south to present day Honduras and El Salvador as well as several dozen modern ethnic groups in the same region "who speak diverse historically related languages and share distinctive culture and cosmology."[1]




Destination: Ethnic group

Barth


Destination: K'iche'

Colonial Period

The K'iche' first made contact with the Spanish conquistadors in 1523, with the arrival of an expeditionary force led by Pedro de Alvarado.

Early Republican Period

Religion

Traditional Maya religious custom, or costumbre, is a syncretic conglomeration of pre-Columbian traditions and Catholicism. It combines devotion to the Catholic saints and celebrations of the Catholic festivals with traditional dances and elaborate ceremonies conducted at ceremonial sites that are scattered throughout the surrounding mountains.

Evangelical Protestantism has become increasingly strong since its arrival in the region in the 1970s.[1]



Destination: Maya costumbre

Maya costumbre refers to the syncretic religios practices of post-colonial Maya peoples. The term is necessarily imprecise because there are some 30(?) distinct modern Maya ethnic groups spread over a region that encompasses parts of five countries and a number of different ecological zones. Needless to say, religious practices vary widely, but a number of prominent themes and a shared heritage are held in common by most or all of the many local variations of costumbre.

  • Mesoamerican heritage
    • Olmec through post-classic Maya
    • Themes, practices, ideas, cosmology
    • Quincunx
      • Four directions
      • Four colors
  • Iberian Heritage
    • Cults to saints trace back to spain
      • cargos (?)
  • Fusion - saints, cofradias, etc.
    • Conversion of the saints
      • Carlsen and Prechtel. 1991. The Flowering of the Dead. Man 26(1):23-42.
      • Clendinnen. Ambivalent Conquests.
  • Outline by region (Do we need to do this? Very helpful to know differences but extremely wor-intesive proposition.)
    • Yucatán
    • Lacandon Jungle (?)
    • Highland Chiapas
    • Western Highlands, Guatemala
    • Eastern Guatemala
    • Pacific Coast (?)
    • Belize (?)
    • Others?
  • Modern influences
    • Pan-Maya Movement
    • Catholic Action
    • Evangelical Protestantism
    • Others
  1. ↑ Warren, Kay B. 1998. Pan-Mayanism and Multiculturalism in Guatemala. Electronic document, http://dkc.jhu.edu/~scholz/Iprints/warren.htm, accessed January 20, 2007.
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