TI:Unertan Syndrome: Difference between revisions

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The Unertan Syndrome (UTS), first discovered by Tan in 2005 (see Tan, 2005a) is characterized by three main symptoms: 1) habitual walking on all four extremities, 2) rudimentary intelligence with no conscious experience, and 3) primitive language. Hitherto nine families were discovered: all them are resident in the southern Turkey except one who  lives in the northern Turkey (Canakkale). The first discovered family lives in Demirkonak (Iskenderun), and has 19 children which are now 15 to 37 years of age, and five of them exhibit the UTS. The father and mother are relatives. The pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal recessive transmission  (see Tan, 2005a, b; Tan, 2006a). A second and third families were then discovered in Adana (see Tan, 2006b, c). These families are relatives, and there are two individuals with UTS in Adana families. Although there is no intrafamilial marriage, the pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive transmission
 
      The Unertan Syndrome (UTS), first discovered by Tan in 2005 (see Tan, 2005a) is characterized by three main symptoms: 1) habitual walking on all four extremities, 2) rudimentary intelligence with no conscious experience, and 3) primitive language. Hitherto nine families were discovered: all them are resident in the southern Turkey except one who  lives in the northern Turkey (Canakkale). The first discovered family lives in Demirkonak (Iskenderun), and has 19 children which are now 15 to 37 years of age, and five of them exhibit the UTS. The father and mother are relatives. The pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal recessive transmission  (see Tan, 2005a, b; Tan, 2006a). A second and third families were then discovered in Adana (see Tan, 2006b, c). These families are relatives, and there are two individuals with UTS in Adana families. Although there is no intrafamilial marriage, the pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive transmission
in these families, too. A very large family is then discovered in a Eskikonak (Gaziantep).  
in these families, too. A very large family is then discovered in a Eskikonak (Gaziantep).  
There are six subfamilies within this large family, with intrafamilal marriages, and six individuals exhibiting the UTS. These families also demonstrate autosomal recessive transmission (see Tan et al., 2007, in press). Recently, Tan discovered a new series of families with individuals exhibiting  UTS, in a rural area of Canakkale in northern Turkey (see Tan, 2007, in press). The affected individuals in Canakkale family suggested an autosomal recessive transmission with but no intra-familial marriages. In all of these families, there are  also bipedal ataxic individuals. The MRI scans showed a cerebellar and vermial hypoplasias in the affected individuals, except that in Adana Family, who showed only a mild vermial hypoplasia in the brain MRI scans. These results suggests that the main symptoms of the UTS may be caused by a vermial hypoplasia as a result of a chromosomal anomaly due to the autosomal recessive transmission. We have found that the chromosome 17p was affected in the first family resident in Demirkonak (unpublished results from a collaboration with Tayfun Ozcelik in Bilkent University. Our collaborative studies showed that the affected individuals from other families have anomalies in different chromosomes (unpublished observations), suggesting a multigenetic origin of the TS.  A Brazilian family exhibiting the UTS in all of the children born of a consanguineous couple is recently reported by Garcias et al. (2007).  
There are six subfamilies within this large family, with intrafamilal marriages, and six individuals exhibiting the UTS. These families also demonstrate autosomal recessive transmission (see Tan et al., 2007, in press). Recently, Tan discovered a new series of families with individuals exhibiting  UTS, in a rural area of Canakkale in northern Turkey (see Tan, 2007, in press). The affected individuals in Canakkale family suggested an autosomal recessive transmission with but no intra-familial marriages. In all of these families, there are  also bipedal ataxic individuals. The MRI scans showed a cerebellar and vermial hypoplasias in the affected individuals, except that in Adana Family, who showed only a mild vermial hypoplasia in the brain MRI scans. These results suggests that the main symptoms of the UTS may be caused by a vermial hypoplasia as a result of a chromosomal anomaly due to the autosomal recessive transmission. We have found that the chromosome 17p was affected in the first family resident in Demirkonak (unpublished results from a collaboration with Tayfun Ozcelik in Bilkent University. Our collaborative studies showed that the affected individuals from other families have anomalies in different chromosomes (unpublished observations), suggesting a multigenetic origin of the TS.  A Brazilian family exhibiting the UTS in all of the children born of a consanguineous couple is recently reported by Garcias et al. (2007).  
In accord with the UTS, the affected individuals had qaudrupedal gait, severe mental retardation, and no language.   
In accord with the UTS, the affected individuals had qaudrupedal gait, severe mental retardation, and no language.   


      '''Walking style in UTS'''  
'''Walking style in UTS'''  
      The quintessence of the UTS is the quadrupedal gait.  Nearly all of them stand up and maintain the upright position as long as they wish. Only a few of them are unable to stand up and maintain an upright posture. The main difficulty is the initiation of the necessary leg movement to take the first step using a leg. To do that, one has to maintain the body weight on the side opposite to the intended leg movement, i.e., to be able to stand onto one leg opposite to the leg intended to take a step, and vice versa.  
The quintessence of the UTS is the quadrupedal gait.  Nearly all of them stand up and maintain the upright position as long as they wish. Only a few of them are unable to stand up and maintain an upright posture. The main difficulty is the initiation of the necessary leg movement to take the first step using a leg. To do that, one has to maintain the body weight on the side opposite to the intended leg movement, i.e., to be able to stand onto one leg opposite to the leg intended to take a step, and vice versa.  
    The truncal balance during standing is mainly controlled by the cerebellar vermis.  However, the lateral balance during walking is different from the truncal balance during the upright posture. (see Hof et al., 2007).  In the individuals with UTS, the truncal balance is  normal during standing without any discomfort, but they lost balance if they try to take a step, transferring the body weight to the opposite leg and stabilizing it in an extensor position.  
The truncal balance during standing is mainly controlled by the cerebellar vermis.  However, the lateral balance during walking is different from the truncal balance during the upright posture. (see Hof et al., 2007).  In the individuals with UTS, the truncal balance is  normal during standing without any discomfort, but they lost balance if they try to take a step, transferring the body weight to the opposite leg and stabilizing it in an extensor position.  
The neural mechanisms of the bipedal gait are indeed very complex and not completely understood yet. The neural control of gait is not limited to the cerebello-vermial control systems. The normal walking movements of the legs are indeed possible with a normal spinal cord without any interference from the supraspinal centres. This can be demonstrated when a baby is held upright with the feet just touching the ground. In this situation the baby begins to move its legs as if stepping, while being unable to balance or support itself independently during stepping since the cerebellar and/or vermial systems needed to support the body during walking movements of the legs are not fully developed yet.  
The neural mechanisms of the bipedal gait are indeed very complex and not completely understood yet. The neural control of gait is not limited to the cerebello-vermial control systems. The normal walking movements of the legs are indeed possible with a normal spinal cord without any interference from the supraspinal centres. This can be demonstrated when a baby is held upright with the feet just touching the ground. In this situation the baby begins to move its legs as if stepping, while being unable to balance or support itself independently during stepping since the cerebellar and/or vermial systems needed to support the body during walking movements of the legs are not fully developed yet.  
    Lateral balance during upright walking may be referred to as “asymmetric lateral balance” and is instantaneously controlled by the spino-cerebro-cerebellar system in humans. If one compares quadrupedal walking in individuals with UTS with babies who make walking movements when held in the upright position, it can be concluded that the spinal walking movements with legs normally occur in individuals with UTS while walking on all four extremities even though they cannot manage the necessary postural adjustments during upright bipedal gait, thus the problem with asymmetric lateral balance.  
Lateral balance during upright walking may be referred to as “asymmetric lateral balance” and is instantaneously controlled by the spino-cerebro-cerebellar system in humans. If one compares quadrupedal walking in individuals with UTS with babies who make walking movements when held in the upright position, it can be concluded that the spinal walking movements with legs normally occur in individuals with UTS while walking on all four extremities even though they cannot manage the necessary postural adjustments during upright bipedal gait, thus the problem with asymmetric lateral balance.  
    All of the individuals with UTS can walk on all four extremities with great ease, as if it is their natural gait. They therefore likely have a preference for the quadrupedal gait, similar to the psychological variable, hand preference. That is, a right-handed man can write using the right hand with great ease, contrary to the left hand which is very clumsy in writing. Therefore he may prefer his right hand in writing, and vice versa in left-handers. Although the right-hand preference is a psychologic manifestation, it has neural mechanisms. Accordingly, a preference for the qudrupedal gait should also have neural mechanisms.  
All of the individuals with UTS can walk on all four extremities with great ease, as if it is their natural gait. They therefore likely have a preference for the quadrupedal gait, similar to the psychological variable, hand preference. That is, a right-handed man can write using the right hand with great ease, contrary to the left hand which is very clumsy in writing. Therefore he may prefer his right hand in writing, and vice versa in left-handers. Although the right-hand preference is a psychologic manifestation, it has neural mechanisms. Accordingly, a preference for the qudrupedal gait should also have neural mechanisms.  
    Walking on all four extremities in children is called bear crawling, which is normal in some children before walking on two legs. Children walking on all four extremities were described thoroughly as early as 1928 by Hrdlicka, who reported 11 children walking on all four extremities for about eight months and then standing up and starting to walk bipedally (see Hrdlicka, 1928). Thus, there may be a transitory period during child development on which bear crawling is exhibited. However, as seen in UTS, some children may prefer bear crawling for the rest of their life and continue to walk on all four extremities.  
Walking on all four extremities in children is called bear crawling, which is normal in some children before walking on two legs. Children walking on all four extremities were described thoroughly as early as 1928 by Hrdlicka, who reported 11 children walking on all four extremities for about eight months and then standing up and starting to walk bipedally (see Hrdlicka, 1928). Thus, there may be a transitory period during child development on which bear crawling is exhibited. However, as seen in UTS, some children may prefer bear crawling for the rest of their life and continue to walk on all four extremities.  
    Apparently, the human quadrupedal gait seen in adults with UTS is a developmental throwback. That is, during the normal development of a child, probably following the evolutionary plan in the child’s genes, may have stopped at a point of transition from quadrupedality to bipedality. To be able to progress from a quadrupedal gait, a relatively older walking style, into a newer walking style such as bipedal locomotion, the evolutionarily newer cerebro-cerebellar systems regulating asymmetric lateral balance for upright walking should be developed in children. If not, these children would remain at the older  
Apparently, the human quadrupedal gait seen in adults with UTS is a developmental throwback. That is, during the normal development of a child, probably following the evolutionary plan in the child’s genes, may have stopped at a point of transition from quadrupedality to bipedality. To be able to progress from a quadrupedal gait, a relatively older walking style, into a newer walking style such as bipedal locomotion, the evolutionarily newer cerebro-cerebellar systems regulating asymmetric lateral balance for upright walking should be developed in children. If not, these children would remain at the older  
evolutionary staget, finding it quite easy, i.e., natural, to walk on all four extremities, as was habitually done by our ancestors.   
evolutionary staget, finding it quite easy, i.e., natural, to walk on all four extremities, as was habitually done by our ancestors.   


      '''Cognitive faculties'''
'''Cognitive faculties'''
      The intelligent actions were in a rudimentary level in the individuals with UTS. They could not answer a single question from the Mini-Mental State Examination Test adjusted for uneducated Turkish people. This test attempts to measure the patients capabilities in five fields: orientation (date and location), registration (immediate recall of three words), attention and calculation (count backwards), recall (recall three items), and language and drawing (name a few items, repeat a sentence, paper folding, draw a watch). The patients always had zero scoes in this test, except one who had 2 points from a total of 30 points. Concerning the language, the individuals with UTS from the first family used a language with very limited vocabulary, the others from the remaining families could not speak at all, using only a few sounds to express their everyday wishes. A disordered cortico-cerebellar system may explain  
The intelligent actions were in a rudimentary level in the individuals with UTS. They could not answer a single question from the Mini-Mental State Examination Test adjusted for uneducated Turkish people. This test attempts to measure the patients capabilities in five fields: orientation (date and location), registration (immediate recall of three words), attention and calculation (count backwards), recall (recall three items), and language and drawing (name a few items, repeat a sentence, paper folding, draw a watch). The patients always had zero scoes in this test, except one who had 2 points from a total of 30 points. Concerning the language, the individuals with UTS from the first family used a language with very limited vocabulary, the others from the remaining families could not speak at all, using only a few sounds to express their everyday wishes. A disordered cortico-cerebellar system may explain  
the cognitive impairments in UTS individuals, as associated with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (see Schmahmann & Sherman, 1998). The severe mental impairments observed in individuals with UTS may be accounted for by the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits involved in cognition. The cerebellum has reciprocal connections with the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left lateral temporal cortex (Booth et al., 2007). The role of cerebellum in speech production has been reported frequently. Namely, cerebellar lesions may alter verbal expression and produce slow, monotonus speech that is not understandable (Fabbro et al., 2000), as seen in the individuals exhibiting the UTS. .  
the cognitive impairments in UTS individuals, as associated with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (see Schmahmann & Sherman, 1998). The severe mental impairments observed in individuals with UTS may be accounted for by the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits involved in cognition. The cerebellum has reciprocal connections with the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left lateral temporal cortex (Booth et al., 2007). The role of cerebellum in speech production has been reported frequently. Namely, cerebellar lesions may alter verbal expression and produce slow, monotonus speech that is not understandable (Fabbro et al., 2000), as seen in the individuals exhibiting the UTS. .  


      '''UTS vs ancestoral traits'''     
'''UTS vs ancestoral traits'''     
      The individuals with UTS exhibited ancestral features, such as walking on all four extremities with primitive or no language and rudimentary intelligence. Most of them had no language skills whatsoever, answering simple questions with a simple sound. Finding the gene or genes responsible for these uncestral traits may illuminate the mechanisms , for instance, for the transition from our quadrupedal ancestors to our bipedal ancestors. Studying the fossil records have not been successful in this respect. Indeed, we now have live models to study the human evolution, especially with regard to the much discussed transition from habitual quadrupedality to habitual bipedality. Herein, there has been no intent to insult or injure these individuals affected by UTS, rather this is an endeavor to better understand the mystery of human evolution.  
The individuals with UTS exhibited ancestral features, such as walking on all four extremities with primitive or no language and rudimentary intelligence. Most of them had no language skills whatsoever, answering simple questions with a simple sound. Finding the gene or genes responsible for these uncestral traits may illuminate the mechanisms , for instance, for the transition from our quadrupedal ancestors to our bipedal ancestors. Studying the fossil records have not been successful in this respect. Indeed, we now have live models to study the human evolution, especially with regard to the much discussed transition from habitual quadrupedality to habitual bipedality. Herein, there has been no intent to insult or injure these individuals affected by UTS, rather this is an endeavor to better understand the mystery of human evolution.  


      '''UTS vs devolution'''
'''UTS vs devolution'''
      UTS cases are also interesting with respect to devolution. This is manifest in individuals with UTS as an experiment of nature. The term of devolution, originally used by Tan (see Tan, 2005b; Tan, 2006a), with respect to the evolutionary direction of human beings. So it merely means a reappearance of an earlier trait, such as the reappearance of the habitual quadrupedal gait in some human beings. That is, as a result of nature’s experiment, UTS with ancestral features re-appeared in these individuals. The UTS cases are the first examples of devolution in humans. An evolution in reverse or reverse evolution was previously used in some animal studies (see Porter & Crandal, 2003; Teotonio & Rose, 2000, 2001; Trvdik & Capecchi, 2006).  According to ScienCentralNews (08.31.06), Capecchi said that “we are trying to reconstruct what happened during the normal evolutionary process.” Similarly, by studying humans with devolution in UTS exhibiting our most important ancestral trait, such as the habitual qaudrupedal gait, we can understand the mechanisms for the transition from habitual qaudrupedality to habitual bipedality, which most likely occurred by punctuated evolution (Elena et al., 1996) resulting from a genetic mutation, provided that we can determine the location of the gene or the gene pool responsible for the quadrupedal gait in humans with UTS. This is apparently contrary to Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution. If the Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution would be correct, all of the monkeys would have started to walk bipedally long ago, at least imitating man.  
UTS cases are also interesting with respect to devolution. This is manifest in individuals with UTS as an experiment of nature. The term of devolution, originally used by Tan (see Tan, 2005b; Tan, 2006a), with respect to the evolutionary direction of human beings. So it merely means a reappearance of an earlier trait, such as the reappearance of the habitual quadrupedal gait in some human beings. That is, as a result of nature’s experiment, UTS with ancestral features re-appeared in these individuals. The UTS cases are the first examples of devolution in humans. An evolution in reverse or reverse evolution was previously used in some animal studies (see Porter & Crandal, 2003; Teotonio & Rose, 2000, 2001; Trvdik & Capecchi, 2006).  According to ScienCentralNews (08.31.06), Capecchi said that “we are trying to reconstruct what happened during the normal evolutionary process.” Similarly, by studying humans with devolution in UTS exhibiting our most important ancestral trait, such as the habitual qaudrupedal gait, we can understand the mechanisms for the transition from habitual qaudrupedality to habitual bipedality, which most likely occurred by punctuated evolution (Elena et al., 1996) resulting from a genetic mutation, provided that we can determine the location of the gene or the gene pool responsible for the quadrupedal gait in humans with UTS. This is apparently contrary to Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution. If the Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution would be correct, all of the monkeys would have started to walk bipedally long ago, at least imitating man.  
    To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the transition from quadrupedality to bipedality in human beings would be a groundbreaking scientific development in human history. Therefore, there is no reason to be insulted or suggest injury by the “Unertan Syndrome”.  
To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the transition from quadrupedality to bipedality in human beings would be a groundbreaking scientific development in human history. Therefore, there is no reason to be insulted or suggest injury by the “Unertan Syndrome”.  


REFERENCES   
REFERENCES   
Booth, J.R., Wood, L., Lu, D., Houk, J.C., & Bitan, T. (2007)  The role of the basal
Booth, J.R., Wood, L., Lu, D., Houk, J.C., & Bitan, T. (2007)  The role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in language processing. Brain Research, 1133, 136-144.  
    ganglia and cerebellum in language processing. Brain Research, 1133, 136-144.  
Elena, S.F., Cooper, V.S., & Lenski, R.E. (1996)  Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science, 272, 1802-1804.   
Elena, S.F., Cooper, V.S., & Lenski, R.E. (1996)  Punctuated evolution caused by
Fabbro, F., Moretti, R., & Bava, A. (2000)  Language impairments in patients with Cerebellar lesions. Journal of Linguistics, 13, 173-188.
    selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science, 272, 1802-1804.   
Garcias, G.D.L., & Roth, M.D.G.M. (2007). A Brazilian family with quadrupedal gait, severe mental retardation, coarse facila characteristics, and hirsutism. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 927-933.   
Fabbro, F., Moretti, R., & Bava, A. (2000)  Language impairments in patients with
Hof, At. L., van Bockel, R.M., Schoppen, T., & Posterna, K. (2007)  Control of lateral Balance in walking: experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee amputees. Gait & Posture, 25, 250-258.   
    Cerebellar lesions. Journal of Linguistics, 13, 173-188.
Hrdlicka, A. (1928)  Children running on all fours. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 11, 149-185.  
Garcias, G.D.L., & Roth, M.D.G.M. (2007). A Brazilian family with quadrupedal gait,  
Porter, M.L., & Crandall, K.A. (2003)  Lost along the way: the significance of evolution in reverse. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 541-547.   
    severe mental retardation, coarse facila characteristics, and hirsutism. International
Schmahmann, J.D., & Sherman, C. (1998)  The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain, 121, 561-579.  
    Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 927-933.   
Tan, U. (2005a)  Unertan sendromu ve insane ruhunun evrimine iliskin yeni bor teori. Biyobank, No: 3 (15).  
Hof, At. L., van Bockel, R.M., Schoppen, T., & Posterna, K. (2007)  Control of lateral  
Tan, Ü. (2005b)  Unertan syndrome; quadrupedality, primitive language, and severe mental retardation; a new theory on the evolution of human mind. NeuroQuantology,4, 250-255.  
    Balance in walking: experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee
Tan, Ü. (2006a)  A new syndrome with quadrupedal gait, primitive speech, and severe mental retardation as a live model for human evolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116,361-369.  
    amputees. Gait & Posture, 25, 250-258.   
Tan, Ü. (2006b)  Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” and the evolution of the human mind. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 763-774.  
Hrdlicka, A. (1928)  Children running on all fours. American Journal of Physical  
Tan, Ü. (2006c)  Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” as a human model for reverse evolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 1433-1441.   
    Anthropology, 11, 149-185.  
Tan, Ü. (2007)  Unertan Syndrome: review and report of four new cases. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press.  
Porter, M.L., & Crandall, K.A. (2003)  Lost along the way: the significance of evolution
Tan, Ü., Karaca, S., Tan, M., Bagci, N.K., Ozkur, A., & Pence, S. (2007)  Unertan Syndrome: A case series demonstrating human devolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press.  
    in reverse. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 541-547.   
Teotonio, H., & Rose, M.R. (2001)  Perspective: reverse evolution. Evolution;International Journal of Organic Evolution, 55, 653-660.  
Schmahmann, J.D., & Sherman, C. (1998)  The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.
Tvrdik, P., & Capecchi, M.R. (2006)  Reversal of Hox1 gene subfunctionalization in the Mouse. Developmental Cell, 11, 239-250.
    Brain, 121, 561-579.  
Tan, U. (2005a)  Unertan sendromu ve insane ruhunun evrimine iliskin yeni bor teori.
    Biyobank, No: 3 (15).  
Tan, Ü. (2005b)  Unertan syndrome; quadrupedality, primitive language, and severe  
    mental retardation; a new theory on the evolution of human mind. NeuroQuantology,
    4, 250-255.  
Tan, Ü. (2006a)  A new syndrome with quadrupedal gait, primitive speech, and severe
    mental retardation as a live model for human evolution. International Journal of  
    Neuroscience, 116, 361-369.  
Tan, Ü. (2006b)  Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” and the evolution of the human
    mind. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 763-774.  
Tan, Ü. (2006c)  Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” as a human model for reverse  
    evolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 1433-1441.   
Tan, Ü. (2007)  Unertan Syndrome: review and report of four new cases. International
    Journal of Neuroscience, in press.  
Tan, Ü., Karaca, S., Tan, M., Bagci, N.K., Ozkur, A., & Pence, S. (2007)  Unertan  
    Syndrome: A case series demonstrating human devolution. International Journal of
    Neuroscience, in press.  
Teotonio, H., & Rose, M.R. (2001)  Perspective: reverse evolution. Evolution;
    International Journal of Organic Evolution, 55, 653-660.  
Tvrdik, P., & Capecchi, M.R. (2006)  Reversal of Hox1 gene subfunctionalization in the
    Mouse. Developmental Cell, 11, 239-250.

Revision as of 08:47, 27 June 2007


The Unertan Syndrome (UTS), first discovered by Tan in 2005 (see Tan, 2005a) is characterized by three main symptoms: 1) habitual walking on all four extremities, 2) rudimentary intelligence with no conscious experience, and 3) primitive language. Hitherto nine families were discovered: all them are resident in the southern Turkey except one who lives in the northern Turkey (Canakkale). The first discovered family lives in Demirkonak (Iskenderun), and has 19 children which are now 15 to 37 years of age, and five of them exhibit the UTS. The father and mother are relatives. The pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal recessive transmission (see Tan, 2005a, b; Tan, 2006a). A second and third families were then discovered in Adana (see Tan, 2006b, c). These families are relatives, and there are two individuals with UTS in Adana families. Although there is no intrafamilial marriage, the pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive transmission in these families, too. A very large family is then discovered in a Eskikonak (Gaziantep). There are six subfamilies within this large family, with intrafamilal marriages, and six individuals exhibiting the UTS. These families also demonstrate autosomal recessive transmission (see Tan et al., 2007, in press). Recently, Tan discovered a new series of families with individuals exhibiting UTS, in a rural area of Canakkale in northern Turkey (see Tan, 2007, in press). The affected individuals in Canakkale family suggested an autosomal recessive transmission with but no intra-familial marriages. In all of these families, there are also bipedal ataxic individuals. The MRI scans showed a cerebellar and vermial hypoplasias in the affected individuals, except that in Adana Family, who showed only a mild vermial hypoplasia in the brain MRI scans. These results suggests that the main symptoms of the UTS may be caused by a vermial hypoplasia as a result of a chromosomal anomaly due to the autosomal recessive transmission. We have found that the chromosome 17p was affected in the first family resident in Demirkonak (unpublished results from a collaboration with Tayfun Ozcelik in Bilkent University. Our collaborative studies showed that the affected individuals from other families have anomalies in different chromosomes (unpublished observations), suggesting a multigenetic origin of the TS. A Brazilian family exhibiting the UTS in all of the children born of a consanguineous couple is recently reported by Garcias et al. (2007). In accord with the UTS, the affected individuals had qaudrupedal gait, severe mental retardation, and no language.

Walking style in UTS The quintessence of the UTS is the quadrupedal gait. Nearly all of them stand up and maintain the upright position as long as they wish. Only a few of them are unable to stand up and maintain an upright posture. The main difficulty is the initiation of the necessary leg movement to take the first step using a leg. To do that, one has to maintain the body weight on the side opposite to the intended leg movement, i.e., to be able to stand onto one leg opposite to the leg intended to take a step, and vice versa. The truncal balance during standing is mainly controlled by the cerebellar vermis. However, the lateral balance during walking is different from the truncal balance during the upright posture. (see Hof et al., 2007). In the individuals with UTS, the truncal balance is normal during standing without any discomfort, but they lost balance if they try to take a step, transferring the body weight to the opposite leg and stabilizing it in an extensor position. The neural mechanisms of the bipedal gait are indeed very complex and not completely understood yet. The neural control of gait is not limited to the cerebello-vermial control systems. The normal walking movements of the legs are indeed possible with a normal spinal cord without any interference from the supraspinal centres. This can be demonstrated when a baby is held upright with the feet just touching the ground. In this situation the baby begins to move its legs as if stepping, while being unable to balance or support itself independently during stepping since the cerebellar and/or vermial systems needed to support the body during walking movements of the legs are not fully developed yet. Lateral balance during upright walking may be referred to as “asymmetric lateral balance” and is instantaneously controlled by the spino-cerebro-cerebellar system in humans. If one compares quadrupedal walking in individuals with UTS with babies who make walking movements when held in the upright position, it can be concluded that the spinal walking movements with legs normally occur in individuals with UTS while walking on all four extremities even though they cannot manage the necessary postural adjustments during upright bipedal gait, thus the problem with asymmetric lateral balance. All of the individuals with UTS can walk on all four extremities with great ease, as if it is their natural gait. They therefore likely have a preference for the quadrupedal gait, similar to the psychological variable, hand preference. That is, a right-handed man can write using the right hand with great ease, contrary to the left hand which is very clumsy in writing. Therefore he may prefer his right hand in writing, and vice versa in left-handers. Although the right-hand preference is a psychologic manifestation, it has neural mechanisms. Accordingly, a preference for the qudrupedal gait should also have neural mechanisms. Walking on all four extremities in children is called bear crawling, which is normal in some children before walking on two legs. Children walking on all four extremities were described thoroughly as early as 1928 by Hrdlicka, who reported 11 children walking on all four extremities for about eight months and then standing up and starting to walk bipedally (see Hrdlicka, 1928). Thus, there may be a transitory period during child development on which bear crawling is exhibited. However, as seen in UTS, some children may prefer bear crawling for the rest of their life and continue to walk on all four extremities. Apparently, the human quadrupedal gait seen in adults with UTS is a developmental throwback. That is, during the normal development of a child, probably following the evolutionary plan in the child’s genes, may have stopped at a point of transition from quadrupedality to bipedality. To be able to progress from a quadrupedal gait, a relatively older walking style, into a newer walking style such as bipedal locomotion, the evolutionarily newer cerebro-cerebellar systems regulating asymmetric lateral balance for upright walking should be developed in children. If not, these children would remain at the older evolutionary staget, finding it quite easy, i.e., natural, to walk on all four extremities, as was habitually done by our ancestors.

Cognitive faculties The intelligent actions were in a rudimentary level in the individuals with UTS. They could not answer a single question from the Mini-Mental State Examination Test adjusted for uneducated Turkish people. This test attempts to measure the patients capabilities in five fields: orientation (date and location), registration (immediate recall of three words), attention and calculation (count backwards), recall (recall three items), and language and drawing (name a few items, repeat a sentence, paper folding, draw a watch). The patients always had zero scoes in this test, except one who had 2 points from a total of 30 points. Concerning the language, the individuals with UTS from the first family used a language with very limited vocabulary, the others from the remaining families could not speak at all, using only a few sounds to express their everyday wishes. A disordered cortico-cerebellar system may explain the cognitive impairments in UTS individuals, as associated with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (see Schmahmann & Sherman, 1998). The severe mental impairments observed in individuals with UTS may be accounted for by the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits involved in cognition. The cerebellum has reciprocal connections with the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left lateral temporal cortex (Booth et al., 2007). The role of cerebellum in speech production has been reported frequently. Namely, cerebellar lesions may alter verbal expression and produce slow, monotonus speech that is not understandable (Fabbro et al., 2000), as seen in the individuals exhibiting the UTS. .

UTS vs ancestoral traits The individuals with UTS exhibited ancestral features, such as walking on all four extremities with primitive or no language and rudimentary intelligence. Most of them had no language skills whatsoever, answering simple questions with a simple sound. Finding the gene or genes responsible for these uncestral traits may illuminate the mechanisms , for instance, for the transition from our quadrupedal ancestors to our bipedal ancestors. Studying the fossil records have not been successful in this respect. Indeed, we now have live models to study the human evolution, especially with regard to the much discussed transition from habitual quadrupedality to habitual bipedality. Herein, there has been no intent to insult or injure these individuals affected by UTS, rather this is an endeavor to better understand the mystery of human evolution.

UTS vs devolution UTS cases are also interesting with respect to devolution. This is manifest in individuals with UTS as an experiment of nature. The term of devolution, originally used by Tan (see Tan, 2005b; Tan, 2006a), with respect to the evolutionary direction of human beings. So it merely means a reappearance of an earlier trait, such as the reappearance of the habitual quadrupedal gait in some human beings. That is, as a result of nature’s experiment, UTS with ancestral features re-appeared in these individuals. The UTS cases are the first examples of devolution in humans. An evolution in reverse or reverse evolution was previously used in some animal studies (see Porter & Crandal, 2003; Teotonio & Rose, 2000, 2001; Trvdik & Capecchi, 2006). According to ScienCentralNews (08.31.06), Capecchi said that “we are trying to reconstruct what happened during the normal evolutionary process.” Similarly, by studying humans with devolution in UTS exhibiting our most important ancestral trait, such as the habitual qaudrupedal gait, we can understand the mechanisms for the transition from habitual qaudrupedality to habitual bipedality, which most likely occurred by punctuated evolution (Elena et al., 1996) resulting from a genetic mutation, provided that we can determine the location of the gene or the gene pool responsible for the quadrupedal gait in humans with UTS. This is apparently contrary to Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution. If the Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution would be correct, all of the monkeys would have started to walk bipedally long ago, at least imitating man. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the transition from quadrupedality to bipedality in human beings would be a groundbreaking scientific development in human history. Therefore, there is no reason to be insulted or suggest injury by the “Unertan Syndrome”.

REFERENCES Booth, J.R., Wood, L., Lu, D., Houk, J.C., & Bitan, T. (2007) The role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in language processing. Brain Research, 1133, 136-144. Elena, S.F., Cooper, V.S., & Lenski, R.E. (1996) Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science, 272, 1802-1804. Fabbro, F., Moretti, R., & Bava, A. (2000) Language impairments in patients with Cerebellar lesions. Journal of Linguistics, 13, 173-188. Garcias, G.D.L., & Roth, M.D.G.M. (2007). A Brazilian family with quadrupedal gait, severe mental retardation, coarse facila characteristics, and hirsutism. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 927-933. Hof, At. L., van Bockel, R.M., Schoppen, T., & Posterna, K. (2007) Control of lateral Balance in walking: experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee amputees. Gait & Posture, 25, 250-258. Hrdlicka, A. (1928) Children running on all fours. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 11, 149-185. Porter, M.L., & Crandall, K.A. (2003) Lost along the way: the significance of evolution in reverse. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 541-547. Schmahmann, J.D., & Sherman, C. (1998) The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain, 121, 561-579. Tan, U. (2005a) Unertan sendromu ve insane ruhunun evrimine iliskin yeni bor teori. Biyobank, No: 3 (15). Tan, Ü. (2005b) Unertan syndrome; quadrupedality, primitive language, and severe mental retardation; a new theory on the evolution of human mind. NeuroQuantology,4, 250-255. Tan, Ü. (2006a) A new syndrome with quadrupedal gait, primitive speech, and severe mental retardation as a live model for human evolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116,361-369. Tan, Ü. (2006b) Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” and the evolution of the human mind. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 763-774. Tan, Ü. (2006c) Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” as a human model for reverse evolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 1433-1441. Tan, Ü. (2007) Unertan Syndrome: review and report of four new cases. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press. Tan, Ü., Karaca, S., Tan, M., Bagci, N.K., Ozkur, A., & Pence, S. (2007) Unertan Syndrome: A case series demonstrating human devolution. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press. Teotonio, H., & Rose, M.R. (2001) Perspective: reverse evolution. Evolution;International Journal of Organic Evolution, 55, 653-660. Tvrdik, P., & Capecchi, M.R. (2006) Reversal of Hox1 gene subfunctionalization in the Mouse. Developmental Cell, 11, 239-250.

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