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...were integrated in the early 1960s.<ref> William S. Osborn, "Curtains for Jim Crow: Law, Race, and the Texas Railroads," ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly''

...tly dressed urban black who associated more with white culture. By 1837, ''Jim Crow'' was being used to refer to racial segregation in Vermont. ...hich took from 1 to 20 years to implement.<ref> Michael J. Klarman, ''From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality''

==Jim Crow Era: 1877-1954== see also [[Jim Crow]]

...ivil War|disfranchised most of South Carolina's black men]] and required [[Jim Crow law]]s. As Tillman proudly proclaimed in 1900, "We have done our level best

==Age of Jim Crow, 1877-1954== {{see also|Jim Crow}}

* Gilmore; Glenda Elizabeth. ''Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920'' U * Gilmore; Glenda Elizabeth. ''Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920'' U

* [[Jim Crow laws]]

...Redeemers replaced the [[civil rights]] reforms of [[Reconstruction]] with Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation in public places. The Redeemers elim ...ed the activists in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] who fought to overturn [[Jim Crow]] segregation the "new abolitionists." Zinn, however, did not use the term

in Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, eds. ''Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights'' (2000), [http://www.pup ...ystem of racial segregation and African American disfranchisement known as Jim Crow--has remained a preoccupation of southern historians."

...journal |last1=Folmsbee |first1=Stanley J. |title=The Origin of the First "Jim Crow" Law |journal=The Journal of Southern History |date=May 1949 |volume=15 |is

...igh school students came to appreciate how African Americans worked to end Jim Crow laws in the 1950s.

* McMillen, Neil R. ''Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow'' (1989)

...[Twentieth Century]] when the [[Civil Rights Movement]] began to push back Jim Crow. Today, many of the "exiles" have returned in retirement.

...aneous actions taken against statues and other symbols erected since the [[Jim Crow]] period as part of [[The Lost Cause]] reaction against [[Reconstruction]]

...e by Virginia Foster Durr] on Facing History, about how the customs of the Jim Crow South affected her seventh birthday party.</ref> as a handout in its Teachi

...J. Douglas. ''Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101423964 online edi

...New South in an uneasy second-class relationship with whites under the "[[Jim Crow]]" system of segregated schools and jobs. He built his leadership of the Af ...post-Civil War African-American community. While not publicly attacking [[Jim Crow laws]], Washington privately contributed funds for legal challenges against

After the end of Reconstruction, all southern states enacted "[[Jim Crow laws]]" which mandated racial segregation between blacks and whites. The Su

...bs-Merrill, 1967. First-hand account showing that African Americans in the Jim Crow South strongly advocated the one-drop rule. ...ruction, and Related Topics''. New York: Macmillan, 1904. The emergence of Jim Crow.

...man to pretend to be "Mr. Morgan" in order to sell his product in those [[Jim Crow]] times. A later model was marketed for use in World War I, but was not in

...1907, with a democratic constitution that prohibited liquor, established [[Jim Crow]] laws, provided for the initiative and referendum, created strong county g

...ights promised to African Americans during the Reconstruction era with the Jim Crow era of segregation and second class citizenship that persisted into the 20t

...an-Americans wanted to avoid the racial segregation of the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] South and sought refuge in the supposed "Promised Land" of the North wher

...een dominated by political studies, especially of [[Reconstruction]] and [[Jim Crow]]. The black churches were not only a political force, but became central t

...ever, their power was short-lived, and were eventually taken away in the [[Jim Crow]] era of racial segregation that lasted from the 1880s to 1964. ...ome descendants of black Carolinians who moved out of the South during the Jim Crow years have moved back. Despite these new arrivals, about 69% of residents a

...y, as Evers was arriving from an NAACP meeting carrying shirts with logos "Jim Crow Must Go", someone shot him in the back. This murder took place very shortly

...02 and later barred blacks from the Democratic primary. The state passed [[Jim Crow]] segregation laws and showed little tolerance for any public roles for Afr

...e imposition of a system of racial segregation and intimidation known as [[Jim Crow]]. The process and system varied by states and towns. In Virginia, for ex