https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&feed=atom&action=historyRichard Hofstadter - Revision history2024-03-29T01:28:13ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=889308&oldid=prevPat Palmer: Text replacement - "New York City" to "New York City"2023-04-08T15:17:42Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=New_York_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City (page does not exist)">New York City</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hofstadter was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], on August 6, 1916. His father was a [[Judaism|Jewish]] immigrant father and his mother was a [[German Americans|German American]] [[Lutheran]] who had died when Richard was ten years old. Hofstadter attended Fosdick-Masten Park High School and the [[University of Buffalo]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hofstadter was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], on August 6, 1916. His father was a [[Judaism|Jewish]] immigrant father and his mother was a [[German Americans|German American]] [[Lutheran]] who had died when Richard was ten years old. Hofstadter attended Fosdick-Masten Park High School and the [[University of Buffalo]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Buffalo, he studied [[philosophy]] with the phenomenologist [[Marvin Farber]] and studied history with the progressive diplomatic historian [[Julius Pratt]]. During the [[Great Depression]], Hofstadter, like other disillusioned liberals, got involved in left-wing politics. He joined the [[National Student League]] where he met [[Felice Swados]], who he had married in 1936. The Hofstadters were active in the NSL, precipitating campus strikes and writing anti-[[capitalism|capitalist]] op-ed pieces for the campus newspaper. In spite of majoring in philosophy, Hofstadter wrote a senior thesis titled "The Tariff and Homestead Issues in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Campaign of 1860." He finished courses in 1936 and the couple moved to [[New York City]] so that Hofstadter could enroll at Columbia. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Buffalo, he studied [[philosophy]] with the phenomenologist [[Marvin Farber]] and studied history with the progressive diplomatic historian [[Julius Pratt]]. During the [[Great Depression]], Hofstadter, like other disillusioned liberals, got involved in left-wing politics. He joined the [[National Student League]] where he met [[Felice Swados]], who he had married in 1936. The Hofstadters were active in the NSL, precipitating campus strikes and writing anti-[[capitalism|capitalist]] op-ed pieces for the campus newspaper. In spite of majoring in philosophy, Hofstadter wrote a senior thesis titled "The Tariff and Homestead Issues in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Campaign of 1860." He finished courses in 1936 and the couple moved to [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New York, New York|</ins>New York City]] so that Hofstadter could enroll at Columbia. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=28494&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: /* Consensus Historiography */ rewrite2014-02-02T16:39:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Consensus Historiography: </span> rewrite</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Consensus Historiography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Consensus Historiography==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Having broken with the communists politically and Beard historiographically, Hofstadter moved to the right, becoming associated with the "consensus historians". </del>In 1946, he joined the Columbia faculty and was appointed [[DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History]] in 1959. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">His best-known and influential work through which the consensus perspective of American historiography </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">established was ''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (1948). It comprised a series of 12 biographical portraits of major political leaders from the 1770s to 1930s. Like all </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstadter's books, it was based primarily on reading and synthesizing secondary sources and published letters and speeches. It was a major success, as Pole (2000) explains, because it was "skeptical, fresh, revisionary, occasionally ironical, without being harsh or merely destructive." The chapters titles themselves were ironic and revisionist, pointing up the paradoxes inherent in the American political idiom&mdash;[[Thomas Jefferson]] was labeled "The Aristocrat as Democrat"; [[John C. Calhoun]] was "</del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Marx </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Master Class"; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was "The Patrician </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Opportunist</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1946, he joined the Columbia faculty and was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">later </ins>appointed [[DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History]] in 1959. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">here that Hofstadter wrote some </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">foundational texts </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">what became identified </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Consensus Historiography</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All of Hofstadter's work between 1945 and the mid-1960s (see below) was characteristic of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>"consensus school"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which flourished in the 1950s in reaction to Beard</del>. Hofstadter explained that the generation of Beard, [[James Harvey Robinson]], [[Carl Becker]], and [[Vernon Parrington]] had</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Having broken with the communists politically and Beard historiographically, Hofstadter moved to the right, becoming a founder of the "consensus historians". Consensus historiography is often seen as a reaction to the Progressive Historians who came before them. Whereas the Progressives emphasized conflict in their histories (conflict between social groups, classes, or forces, like in Marxist historiography, is the driving engine of historical change), consensus historians emphasized the values and beliefs that Americans held in common. Consensus historiography often explains great calamities, such as the American Civil War, as breakdown of consensus or compromise. </ins>All of Hofstadter's work between 1945 and the mid-1960s (see below) was characteristic of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this </ins>"consensus school". Hofstadter explained that the generation of Beard, [[James Harvey Robinson]], [[Carl Becker]], and [[Vernon Parrington]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&mdash;the Progressive Historians&mdash;</ins>had</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>... put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed .... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref>quoted in Pole, 73-4.</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>... put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed .... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref>quoted in Pole, 73-4.</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstadter's best-known and most influential work, through which the consensus perspective of American historiography was established, was ''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (1948). This work comprised a series of 12 biographical portraits of major political leaders from the 1770s to 1930s. Like all of Hofstadter's books, it was based primarily on his synthesis of secondary sources and his interpretation of published letters and speeches. ''The American Political Tradition'' was a major success because, as Jack Pole explained in his 2000 essay on Hofstadter, it was "skeptical, fresh, revisionary, occasionally ironical, without being harsh or merely destructive."<ref>Jack Pole, "Richard Hofstadter," in ''Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000'', edited by Robert Allen Rutland (University of Missouri Press, 2000).</ref> Hofstadter even chose ironic and revisionist chapter titles to emphasize the paradoxes inherent in the American political idiom&mdash;[[Thomas Jefferson]] was labeled "The Aristocrat as Democrat"; [[John C. Calhoun]] was "the Marx of the Master Class"; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was "The Patrician as Opportunist."</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Later work==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Later work==</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241827&oldid=previmported>John Stephenson: linking, some copyediting and formatting2013-09-20T11:28:31Z<p>linking, some copyediting and formatting</p>
<a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241827&oldid=241837">Show changes</a>imported>John Stephensonhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241837&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: /* The "Consensus Historians" */ heading2013-09-20T02:32:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The "Consensus Historians": </span> heading</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. Hofstadter noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> But like his shift away from Marxian conflict, Hofstadter by the end of the 1940s was also leaving Beardian historiography behind and laying the foundations for a new, major interpretative framework called "consensus history."</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. Hofstadter noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> But like his shift away from Marxian conflict, Hofstadter by the end of the 1940s was also leaving Beardian historiography behind and laying the foundations for a new, major interpretative framework called "consensus history."</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The "</del>Consensus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Historians"</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Consensus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Historiography</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having broken with the communists politically and Beard historiographically, Hofstadter moved to the right becoming associated with the "consensus historians". In 1946, he joined the Columbia faculty and was appointed [[DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History]] in 1959. His best-known and influential work through which the consensus perspective of American historiography was established was ''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (1948). It comprised a series of 12 biographical portraits of major political leaders from the 1770s to 1930s. Like all of Hofstadter's books, it was based primarily on reading and synthesizing secondary sources and published letters and speeches. It was a major success, as Pole (2000) explains, because it was "skeptical, fresh, revisionary, occasionally ironical, without being harsh or merely destructive." The chapters titles themselves were ironic and revisionist, pointing up the paradoxes inherent in the American political idiom&mdash;[[Thomas Jefferson]] was labeled "The Aristocrat as Democrat"; [[John C. Calhoun]] was "the Marx of the Master Class"; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was "The Patrician as Opportunist."</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having broken with the communists politically and Beard historiographically, Hofstadter moved to the right becoming associated with the "consensus historians". In 1946, he joined the Columbia faculty and was appointed [[DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History]] in 1959. His best-known and influential work through which the consensus perspective of American historiography was established was ''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (1948). It comprised a series of 12 biographical portraits of major political leaders from the 1770s to 1930s. Like all of Hofstadter's books, it was based primarily on reading and synthesizing secondary sources and published letters and speeches. It was a major success, as Pole (2000) explains, because it was "skeptical, fresh, revisionary, occasionally ironical, without being harsh or merely destructive." The chapters titles themselves were ironic and revisionist, pointing up the paradoxes inherent in the American political idiom&mdash;[[Thomas Jefferson]] was labeled "The Aristocrat as Democrat"; [[John C. Calhoun]] was "the Marx of the Master Class"; [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was "The Patrician as Opportunist."</div></td></tr>
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</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241839&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: /* Leaving the Marxists behind */ heading2013-09-20T02:31:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Leaving the Marxists behind: </span> heading</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Leaving <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Marxists </del>behind==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Leaving <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conflict models </ins>behind==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Columbia, Hofstadter's politics became increasingly ironic. He joined more mainstream communist organizations: the Young Communist League in 1936 and the [[Communism|American Communist]] Party two years later. But at the same time, he doesn't seemed to have been radicalized by his involvement with the Communists. Never a fan of American capitalism, Hofstadter joined the ACP "without enthusiasm but with a sense of obligation" saying that "I prefer to go along with it now." His participation was lackluster, and by the time of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in September, 1939, he gave up entirely on the communists. His views about American capitalism did not change. He joined the communists, he said, because he didn't "like capitalism and want[ed] to get rid of it" and he continued to claim, "I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> Perhaps to a greater degree than other former American communists in that period, so many of whom had similar experiences when Stalin betrayed international communism with his deal with Hitler, Hofstadter was left with a deep sense of cynicism that pervaded his academic work and thought. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Columbia, Hofstadter's politics became increasingly ironic. He joined more mainstream communist organizations: the Young Communist League in 1936 and the [[Communism|American Communist]] Party two years later. But at the same time, he doesn't seemed to have been radicalized by his involvement with the Communists. Never a fan of American capitalism, Hofstadter joined the ACP "without enthusiasm but with a sense of obligation" saying that "I prefer to go along with it now." His participation was lackluster, and by the time of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in September, 1939, he gave up entirely on the communists. His views about American capitalism did not change. He joined the communists, he said, because he didn't "like capitalism and want[ed] to get rid of it" and he continued to claim, "I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> Perhaps to a greater degree than other former American communists in that period, so many of whom had similar experiences when Stalin betrayed international communism with his deal with Hitler, Hofstadter was left with a deep sense of cynicism that pervaded his academic work and thought. </div></td></tr>
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</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241831&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: more re-writes2013-09-20T02:30:24Z<p>more re-writes</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1942, he received his Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation was published in 1944 by the [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] as ''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' and sold 200,000 copies. In this work, Hofstadter critiqued the prevailing ideology of [[Gilded Age]] American capitalists. He claimed that the [[Social Darwinism]] of thinkers such as [[William Graham Sumner]] legitimated the businessmen's cut-throat business practices. As much as this work may have reflected Hofstadter's political views of the time, it had methodological problems. Critics argued that Hofstadter's evidence was faulty: Social Darwinism may have been prevalent culturally, but few American businessmen actually espoused such views. Additionally, there is much evidence to show that Gilded Age businessmen engaged behaviors, such as [[philanthropy]], that were positively contrary to Social Darwinism.<ref>Brown, 30-37; Irwin G. Wylie ("Social Darwinism and the Businessmen", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 103 [1959], 629-35) showed that few businessmen believed in [[Social Darwinism]]. Robert C. Bannister, ''Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought'' (1989). Sumner had given up Social Darwinism by the early 1880s, a point Hofstadter de-emphasized by citing posthumous editions of Sumner's essays.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1942, he received his Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation was published in 1944 by the [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] as ''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' and sold 200,000 copies. In this work, Hofstadter critiqued the prevailing ideology of [[Gilded Age]] American capitalists. He claimed that the [[Social Darwinism]] of thinkers such as [[William Graham Sumner]] legitimated the businessmen's cut-throat business practices. As much as this work may have reflected Hofstadter's political views of the time, it had methodological problems. Critics argued that Hofstadter's evidence was faulty: Social Darwinism may have been prevalent culturally, but few American businessmen actually espoused such views. Additionally, there is much evidence to show that Gilded Age businessmen engaged behaviors, such as [[philanthropy]], that were positively contrary to Social Darwinism.<ref>Brown, 30-37; Irwin G. Wylie ("Social Darwinism and the Businessmen", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 103 [1959], 629-35) showed that few businessmen believed in [[Social Darwinism]]. Robert C. Bannister, ''Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought'' (1989). Sumner had given up Social Darwinism by the early 1880s, a point Hofstadter de-emphasized by citing posthumous editions of Sumner's essays.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. Hofstadter noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By </del>the end of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">forties</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however, Hofstadter began a </del>major <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shift in American historiography away from Beard's conflict school and towards an emerging </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Consensus</del>."</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. Hofstadter noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">But like his shift away from Marxian conflict, Hofstadter by </ins>the end of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1940s was also leaving Beardian historiography behind and laying the foundations for a new</ins>, major <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interpretative framework called </ins>"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consensus history</ins>."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The "Consensus Historians"==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The "Consensus Historians"==</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241833&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: /* Leftist phase */ More de-WiPification2013-09-20T02:23:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Leftist phase: </span> More de-WiPification</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:23, 19 September 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving the M.A. in 1938, he immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter later remarked, had influenced him and his career more-so than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Leftist phase</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Leaving the Marxists behind</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In [[New York City]] after 1936</del>, Hofstadter became more <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">involved in [[Marxism|Marxist]] circles, moving from </del>the Young Communist League <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>the [[Communism|American Communist]] Party <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in 1938</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">though, in </del>his <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">words at </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><blockquote>I join </del>without enthusiasm but with a sense of obligation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">... My fundamental reason for joining is </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">I don't like capitalism and want to get rid of it. I am tired of talking... The party is making a very profound contribution to the radicalization of the American people.... </del>I prefer to go along with it now.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></blockquote> By 1939</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however, he had become disenchanted with the party </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his participation began a steady decline; </del>by the time of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in September, 1939, he <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was thoroughly and permanently disillusioned with </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Communist Party, the [[Soviet Union]], and Marxism itself</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He </del>did not, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change his opposition to </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[capitalism</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]: </del>"I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While at Columbia</ins>, Hofstadter<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'s politics </ins>became <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">increasingly ironic. He joined </ins>more <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mainstream communist organizations: </ins>the Young Communist League <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in 1936 and </ins>the [[Communism|American Communist]] Party <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two years later. But at the same time</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he doesn't seemed to have been radicalized by </ins>his <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">involvement with </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Communists. Never a fan of American capitalism</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstadter joined the ACP "</ins>without enthusiasm but with a sense of obligation<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" saying </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>I prefer to go along with it now.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" His participation was lackluster</ins>, and by the time of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in September, 1939, he <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gave up entirely on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">communists</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">His views about American capitalism </ins>did not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change. He joined the communists</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he said</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because he didn't "like capitalism and want</ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ed</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to get rid of it" and he continued to claim, </ins>"I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Perhaps to a greater degree than other former American communists in that period, so many of whom had similar experiences when Stalin betrayed international communism with his deal with Hitler, Hofstadter was left with a deep sense of cynicism that pervaded his academic work and thought. </ins> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Perhaps to a greater degree than other former American communists in that period, Hofstadter was left with a deep sense of cynicism that pervaded his academic work and thought. </del>In 1942, he received his Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation was published in 1944 by the [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] as ''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' and sold 200,000 copies. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was a critique </del>of American capitalists <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">late 19th century who, he argued, believed in a dog-eat-dog sort of ferocious competition endorsed by </del>[[Social Darwinism]] as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">preached by </del>[[William Graham Sumner]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Later critics took issue with his </del>evidence, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">arguing that very </del>few businessmen <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were Social Darwinists and </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many took positions supportive of </del>[[philanthropy]].<ref>Brown, 30-37; Irwin G. Wylie ("Social Darwinism and the Businessmen", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 103 [1959], 629-35) showed that few businessmen believed in [[Social Darwinism]]. Robert C. Bannister, ''Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought'' (1989). Sumner had given up Social Darwinism by the early 1880s, a point Hofstadter de-emphasized by citing posthumous editions of Sumner's essays.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1942, he received his Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]]. His dissertation was published in 1944 by the [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] as ''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' and sold 200,000 copies. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this work, Hofstadter critiqued the prevailing ideology </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Gilded Age]] </ins>American capitalists<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. He claimed that </ins>the [[Social Darwinism]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of thinkers such </ins>as [[William Graham Sumner]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">legitimated the businessmen's cut-throat business practices. As much as this work may have reflected Hofstadter's political views of the time, it had methodological problems</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Critics argued that Hofstadter's </ins>evidence <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was faulty: Social Darwinism may have been prevalent culturally</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but </ins>few <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">American </ins>businessmen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">actually espoused such views. Additionally, there is much evidence to show </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gilded Age businessmen engaged behaviors, such as </ins>[[philanthropy]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, that were positively contrary to Social Darwinism</ins>.<ref>Brown, 30-37; Irwin G. Wylie ("Social Darwinism and the Businessmen", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 103 [1959], 629-35) showed that few businessmen believed in [[Social Darwinism]]. Robert C. Bannister, ''Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought'' (1989). Sumner had given up Social Darwinism by the early 1880s, a point Hofstadter de-emphasized by citing posthumous editions of Sumner's essays.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He </del>noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Beard's conflict model taught that American history was the struggle of competing economic groups, primarily farmers, plantation slave-owners, industrialists, and workers. The clashing rhetoric of political leaders meant little, said Beard. Beard also argued that historians should look for hidden self-interest and financial goals. Beard viewed the American Civil War as a transfer of political power from the Southern plantation elite to Northeastern capitalists; slavery was not especially important as a cause in his analysis</del>.</ref> By the end of the forties, however, Hofstadter began a major shift in American historiography away from Beard's conflict school and towards an emerging "Consensus."</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps because of Hofstadter's disenchantment with capitalism, he was deeply influenced by historian [[Charles A. Beard]], who was equally disenchanted with American capitalism. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstadter </ins>noted that "Beard was really the exciting influence on me."<ref>Foner, 1992.</ref> By the end of the forties, however, Hofstadter began a major shift in American historiography away from Beard's conflict school and towards an emerging "Consensus."</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The "Consensus Historians"==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The "Consensus Historians"==</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241835&oldid=previmported>Russell D. Jones: /* Early life and education */ more re-writing to de-WiPify2013-09-20T01:52:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Early life and education: </span> more re-writing to de-WiPify</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Early life and education==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Early life and education==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hofstadter was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], on August 6, 1916<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, to </del>a Jewish immigrant father<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and a [[German Americans|German American]] [[Lutheran]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mother </del>who died when <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he </del>was ten years old. Hofstadter attended Fosdick-Masten Park High School and the University of Buffalo. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hofstadter was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], on August 6, 1916<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. His father was </ins>a Jewish immigrant father and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his mother was </ins>a [[German Americans|German American]] [[Lutheran]] who <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had </ins>died when <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Richard </ins>was ten years old. Hofstadter attended Fosdick-Masten Park High School and the University of Buffalo. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Buffalo, he studied philosophy with the phenomenologist [[Marvin Farber]] and studied history with the progressive diplomatic historian [[Julius Pratt]]. During the [[Great Depression]], Hofstadter, like other disillusioned liberals, got involved in left-wing politics. He joined the [[National Student League]] where he met [[Felice Swados]], who he married in 1936. The Hofstadters were active in the NSL, precipitating campus strikes and writing anti-capitalist op-ed pieces for the campus newspaper. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When he was at Columbia, Hofstadter joined the [[Young Communist League]]. </del>In spite of majoring in philosophy, Hofstadter wrote a senior thesis titled "The Tariff and Homestead Issues in the Republican Campaign of 1860." He finished courses in 1936 and the couple moved to New York City<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. He received his B.A. </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">winter after he began graduate coursework </del>at Columbia <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">University</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While at Buffalo, he studied philosophy with the phenomenologist [[Marvin Farber]] and studied history with the progressive diplomatic historian [[Julius Pratt]]. During the [[Great Depression]], Hofstadter, like other disillusioned liberals, got involved in left-wing politics. He joined the [[National Student League]] where he met [[Felice Swados]], who he <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had </ins>married in 1936. The Hofstadters were active in the NSL, precipitating campus strikes and writing anti-capitalist op-ed pieces for the campus newspaper. In spite of majoring in philosophy, Hofstadter wrote a senior thesis titled "The Tariff and Homestead Issues in the Republican Campaign of 1860." He finished courses in 1936 and the couple moved to New York City <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">so </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstadter could enroll </ins>at Columbia. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">completed </del>the M.A. in 1938 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter remarked, influenced him and his career more than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At Columbia, [[Harry J. Carman]] was his thesis adviser. He <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continued to be political, joining the [[Young Communist League]] while completing his masters. After receiving </ins>the M.A. in 1938<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, he </ins>immediately began doctoral studies. As a doctoral candidate he worked with [[Merle Curti]] who, Hofstadter <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">later </ins>remarked, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had </ins>influenced him and his career more<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-so </ins>than any other person.<ref>David S. Brown, ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22.</ref> After taking a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Columbia he taught at the [[University of Maryland]] and at Columbia.</div></td></tr>
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</table>imported>Russell D. Joneshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241859&oldid=previmported>John Stephenson: moved Richard Hofstadter/Draft to Richard Hofstadter: citable version policy2013-09-03T10:25:21Z<p>moved <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter/Draft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hofstadter/Draft (page does not exist)">Richard Hofstadter/Draft</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>: citable version policy</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:25, 3 September 2013</td>
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</td></tr></table>imported>John Stephensonhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&diff=241860&oldid=previmported>Ro Thorpe: /* Later Work */2010-06-09T01:25:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Later Work</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>... put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed .... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the Civil War. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref>quoted in Pole, 73-4.</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>... put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed .... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the Civil War. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref>quoted in Pole, 73-4.</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Later <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Work</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Later <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">work</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Following his work in consensus historiography, Hofstadter broke new historiographical ground by exploring sociological structures (perhaps influenced by his friend [[C. Wright Mills]]) and by probing unconscious psychological motives, including status anxieties and irrational hatreds in works such as ''The Age of Reform''. In this work, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in history, he posited that the major cause for the era of [[Progressive Era|progressive reform]] was psychological anxiety among the middle class over perceived lack of power and imminent threats of class warfare. This anxiety motivated the middle class to work for and enact social reforms curbing the excesses of the rich, mollifying the trials of the poor, and correcting the abuses of machine politics.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Following his work in consensus historiography, Hofstadter broke new historiographical ground by exploring sociological structures (perhaps influenced by his friend [[C. Wright Mills]]) and by probing unconscious psychological motives, including status anxieties and irrational hatreds in works such as ''The Age of Reform''. In this work, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in history, he posited that the major cause for the era of [[Progressive Era|progressive reform]] was psychological anxiety among the middle class over perceived lack of power and imminent threats of class warfare. This anxiety motivated the middle class to work for and enact social reforms curbing the excesses of the rich, mollifying the trials of the poor, and correcting the abuses of machine politics.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>imported>Ro Thorpe