Public expenditure: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
Public expenditure may be understood as spending by central (federal), state and local governments and by the public corporations, or simply as spending by the public sector. | Public expenditure may be understood as spending by central (federal), state and local governments and by the public corporations, or simply as spending by the public sector. | ||
(For statistical purposes, however, those terms are open to differing interpretations, and to promote comparability in the construction of national accounts, the OECD has published the following definitions<ref>[http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/index.htm | (For statistical purposes, however, those terms are open to differing interpretations, and to promote comparability in the construction of national accounts, the OECD has published the following definitions<ref>[http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/index.htm ''Glossary of Statistical Terms'', OECD, 2009]</ref> | ||
*The public sector comprises the general government sector plus all public corporations including the central bank. | *The public sector comprises the general government sector plus all public corporations including the central bank. | ||
*The government sector consists of the following resident institutional units: all units of central, state or local government; all social security funds at each level of government; all non-market non-profit institutions that are controlled and financed by government units. | *The government sector consists of the following resident institutional units: all units of central, state or local government; all social security funds at each level of government; all non-market non-profit institutions that are controlled and financed by government units. | ||
*The general government sector consists of the totality of institutional units which, in addition to fulfilling their political responsibilities and their role of economic regulation, produce principally non-market services (possibly goods) for individual or collective consumption and redistribute income and wealth.) | *The general government sector consists of the totality of institutional units which, in addition to fulfilling their political responsibilities and their role of economic regulation, produce principally non-market services (possibly goods) for individual or collective consumption and redistribute income and wealth.) | ||
==Categorisation== | |||
The principal categories of public expenditure are: | |||
* government investment, | |||
* government consumption, | |||
* transfer payments | |||
==The effects of public spending== | |||
===Social effects=== | |||
===Economic effects=== | |||
====Crowding-out and crowding-in==== | |||
Under normal circumstances, private sector spending on government bonds is to some extent at the expense of spending on private sector bonds, with the consequence that some private-sector investment is "crowded out". To the extent that government bonds are used to finance consumption rather than investment, the total of the country's investment is diminished, leading in time to a loss of potential output. Crowding-out is seldom complete, however, but depends upon a range of factors including elasticities of demand for investment and for money <ref> See Frederick Fourie: ''How to Think and Reason in Economics'', Juta 2001</ref>. During a recession, crowding-out may to some extent be offset by "crowding-in" as government spending makes up for the deficiency in private sector spending, leading to a recovery of demand and an increase in private-sector investment. The balance between crowding out under particular circumstances is a matter of controversy <ref> See "The Crowding-out Controversy" on page 248 of William Baumol and Alan Blinder: ''Economics, Principles and Policy'', Harcourt Bruce Jovanovich, 1979 </ref> . | |||
==Notes and references== | |||
<references/> | |||
Revision as of 08:53, 24 October 2009
Overview
Definitions
Public expenditure may be understood as spending by central (federal), state and local governments and by the public corporations, or simply as spending by the public sector.
(For statistical purposes, however, those terms are open to differing interpretations, and to promote comparability in the construction of national accounts, the OECD has published the following definitions[1]
- The public sector comprises the general government sector plus all public corporations including the central bank.
- The government sector consists of the following resident institutional units: all units of central, state or local government; all social security funds at each level of government; all non-market non-profit institutions that are controlled and financed by government units.
- The general government sector consists of the totality of institutional units which, in addition to fulfilling their political responsibilities and their role of economic regulation, produce principally non-market services (possibly goods) for individual or collective consumption and redistribute income and wealth.)
Categorisation
The principal categories of public expenditure are:
- government investment,
- government consumption,
- transfer payments
The effects of public spending
Social effects
Economic effects
Crowding-out and crowding-in
Under normal circumstances, private sector spending on government bonds is to some extent at the expense of spending on private sector bonds, with the consequence that some private-sector investment is "crowded out". To the extent that government bonds are used to finance consumption rather than investment, the total of the country's investment is diminished, leading in time to a loss of potential output. Crowding-out is seldom complete, however, but depends upon a range of factors including elasticities of demand for investment and for money [2]. During a recession, crowding-out may to some extent be offset by "crowding-in" as government spending makes up for the deficiency in private sector spending, leading to a recovery of demand and an increase in private-sector investment. The balance between crowding out under particular circumstances is a matter of controversy [3] .
Notes and references
- ↑ Glossary of Statistical Terms, OECD, 2009
- ↑ See Frederick Fourie: How to Think and Reason in Economics, Juta 2001
- ↑ See "The Crowding-out Controversy" on page 248 of William Baumol and Alan Blinder: Economics, Principles and Policy, Harcourt Bruce Jovanovich, 1979