Proton pump inhibitor: Difference between revisions

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imported>Robert Badgett
imported>Robert Badgett
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| [[Cohort study]] taken from TRITON-TIMI 38 [[randomized controlled trial]]s<ref name="pmid19726078"/><ref name="pmid19106084">{{cite journal| author=Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT et al.| title=Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 4 | pages= 354-62 | pmid=19106084  
| [[Cohort study]] taken from TRITON-TIMI 38 [[randomized controlled trial]]s<ref name="pmid19726078"/><ref name="pmid19106084">{{cite journal| author=Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT et al.| title=Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 4 | pages= 354-62 | pmid=19106084  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19106084 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809171 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name="pmid17982182">{{cite journal| author=Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S et al.| title=Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 20 | pages= 2001-15 | pmid=17982182  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19106084 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809171 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name="pmid17982182">{{cite journal| author=Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S et al.| title=Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 20 | pages= 2001-15 | pmid=17982182  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17982182 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0706482 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>2 of 14 authors disclosed payments from AstraZenca, the maker of omeprazole and esomeprazole|| 6795 subjects with [[acute coronary syndrome]] who were randomized to the [[clopidogrel]] arm of the trial|| 33% were taking PPIs for duration of study:<br/>&bull; 41% used [[pantoprazole]]<br/>&bull; 94% received [[stent]]s|||Subjects not taking PPIs||Major vascular events || colspan="2"|[[Hazards ratio]] = 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.30)<br/>This subgroup of patients taking PPIs for duration of trial is ''not'' reported in the study's abstract and is ''not'' restricted to PPIs other than [[pantoprazole]].
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17982182 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0706482 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>2 of 14 authors disclosed payments from AstraZenca, the maker of omeprazole and esomeprazole|| 6795 subjects with [[acute coronary syndrome]] who were randomized to the [[clopidogrel]] arm of the trial|| 33% (4529) were taking PPIs at randomization:<br/>&bull; 2814 took PPis for duration of study<br/>&bull; 41% used [[pantoprazole]]<br/>&bull; 94% received [[stent]]s|||Subjects not taking PPIs||Major vascular events || colspan="2"|[[Hazards ratio]] = 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.30)<br/>This subgroup of patients taking PPIs for duration of trial is ''not'' reported in the study's abstract and is ''not'' restricted to PPIs other than [[pantoprazole]].
|-
|-
| Medco [[cohort study]]<ref name="medco"/> || 16,718 subjects who took [[clopidogrel]] for 12 months after coronary [[stent]]|| 41% were taking PPIs:<br/>&bull; 24% used [[pantoprazole]]||Subjects not taking PPIs||&nbsp; || &nbsp;|| &nbsp;
| Medco [[cohort study]]<ref name="medco"/> || 16,718 subjects who took [[clopidogrel]] for 12 months after coronary [[stent]]|| 41% were taking PPIs:<br/>&bull; 24% used [[pantoprazole]]||Subjects not taking PPIs||&nbsp; || &nbsp;|| &nbsp;

Revision as of 23:38, 9 October 2009

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In medicine, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are medications that "inhibit H(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. They are used as anti-ulcer agents and sometimes in place of histamine H2 antagonists for gastroesophageal reflux."[1] They are also used as part of curative therapy for Helicobacter pylori, in combination with antibiotics.

Metabolism

Proton pump inhibitors are metabolized by the CYP2C19 isoenzyme of cytochrome P-450. This may be less true for pantoprazole and esomeprazole.[2]

Adverse effects

Proton pump inhibitors may be associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.[3] Recent starting of these drugs may also be associated with pneumonia acquired in the community[4] or hospital[5]. These drugs may be associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhea, and fractures.

Starting proton pump inhibitors in healthy volunteers may induce acid-related symptoms PPIs are stopped[6] This is problematic considering how often PPIs are incorrectly prescribed.[7]

Drug interactions

Studies of drug interactions between PPIs and clopidogrel[8][9][10][11]
Trial Patients Intervention Comparison Outcome Results
PPI Control
Ontario nested case-control study[8] 13,636 subjects taking clopidogrel after myocardial infarction 782 subjects readmitted for myocardial infarction 2057 subjects not readmitted Rate of PPI usage other than pantoprazole Odds ratio = 1.40 (95% CI 1.10–1.77)
Cohort study from the VA Cardiac Care Follow-up Clinical Study[9] 8205 subjects with acute coronary syndrome 64% were taking PPIs:
• 0.2% used pantoprazole		 Subjects not taking PPIs Major vascular events 20.8% 29.8%
Odds ratio = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.11-1.41)
Cohort study taken from TRITON-TIMI 38 randomized controlled trials[10][12][13]2 of 14 authors disclosed payments from AstraZenca, the maker of omeprazole and esomeprazole 6795 subjects with acute coronary syndrome who were randomized to the clopidogrel arm of the trial 33% (4529) were taking PPIs at randomization:
• 2814 took PPis for duration of study
• 41% used pantoprazole
• 94% received stents		 Subjects not taking PPIs Major vascular events Hazards ratio = 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.30)
This subgroup of patients taking PPIs for duration of trial is not reported in the study's abstract and is not restricted to PPIs other than pantoprazole.
Medco cohort study[11] 16,718 subjects who took clopidogrel for 12 months after coronary stent 41% were taking PPIs:
• 24% used pantoprazole		 Subjects not taking PPIs      

Proton pump inhibitors (especially inhibitors other than pantoprazole[8]), which are metabolized by the CYP2C19 isoenzyme of cytochrome P-450, may[9] or may not[10] increase adverse cardiac events when given to patients taking clopidogrel for coronary heart disease.

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Proton pump inhibitor (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ Siller-Matula JM, Spiel AO, Lang IM, Kreiner G, Christ G, Jilma B (January 2009). "Effects of pantoprazole and esomeprazole on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel". Am. Heart J. 157 (1): 148.e1–5. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.017. PMID 19081411. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Bajaj JS, Zadvornova Y, Heuman DM, et al. (May 2009). "Association of proton pump inhibitor therapy with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104 (5): 1130–4. DOI:10.1038/ajg.2009.80. PMID 19337238. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Sarkar M, Hennessy S, Yang YX. Proton-pump inhibitor use and the risk for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Sep 16;149(6):391-8. PMID 18794558
  5. ↑ Herzig SJ, Howell MD, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA. 2009 May 27;301(20):2120-8. PMID 19470989
  6. ↑ Reimer C, Søndergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P (2009). "Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy.". Gastroenterology 137 (1): 80-7, 87.e1. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058. PMID 19362552. Research Blogging.
  7. ↑ Wohlt PD, Hansen LA, Fish JT (2007). "Inappropriate continuation of stress ulcer prophylactic therapy after discharge.". Ann Pharmacother 41 (10): 1611-6. DOI:10.1345/aph.1K227. PMID 17848420. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV et al. (2009). "A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel.". CMAJ 180 (7): 713-8. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.082001. PMID 19176635. PMC PMC2659819. Research Blogging. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Aug 18;151(4):JC2-13 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Oct;14(5):154
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L, et al. (March 2009). "Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome". JAMA 301 (9): 937–44. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.261. PMID 19258584. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 O'Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM, Murphy SA, Bates ER, Rozenman Y et al. (2009). "Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials.". Lancet 374 (9694): 989-97. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61525-7. PMID 19726078. Research Blogging.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Stanek EJ et al. (2009) A National Study of the Effect of Individual Proton Pump Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Treated with Clopidogrel Following Coronary Stenting: The Clopidogrel Medco Outcomes Study Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions 2009 Annual Meeting
  12. ↑ Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT et al. (2009). "Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel.". N Engl J Med 360 (4): 354-62. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0809171. PMID 19106084. Research Blogging.
  13. ↑ Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S et al. (2007). "Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.". N Engl J Med 357 (20): 2001-15. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0706482. PMID 17982182. Research Blogging.
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