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== Introduction ==
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png|thumb|150px|left|Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962]]
{{Infobox Person
{{Infobox Person
| name        = Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
| name        = Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
| image        = <!-- Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png --><!--Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png--><!--File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1933 X.png-->File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png
| image        = <!-- Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png --><!--Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png--><!--File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1933 X.png-->[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png]]
| image_size  =
| image_size  =
| caption      = As a student at [[École polytechnique]], 1931
| caption      = As a student at [[École polytechnique]], 1931
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[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq1]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span> 
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|N.bi]]</sup><span id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].
Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]<span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]</sup><span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|N.mbl]]</sup><span id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|N.pi]]<span id="Political influence jump"></span>, [[#China Quarterly|N.tcq]]</sup><span id="China Quarterly jump"></span>
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,''<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}--><ref name=NNC.VQL.2023 /> which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.


'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>: 850. </sup><ref name=fn-NNB-hero /> a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />
Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|N.fa]]<span id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq2]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|N.nb]]</sup><span id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.


The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<!--{{efn|name=Bich-injury}}--><ref name=bich-injury /> and exiled) during the [[First Indochina War]].
== First Indochina War ==
The broader historic events of [[World War II]] and the [[First Indochina War]]---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists until he was captured.
The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized.
French General [[de Gaulle]], by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought.
Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the [[Viet Minh]], called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] responded.  US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history.  US President [[Harry Truman]] was a reason that the [[First Indochina War]] is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/> and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 paper.  The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President [[Eisenhower]], and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under [[Truman]].<!--<sup>[[#French-war cost|Note]]</sup>--><sup>[[#French-war cost|N.fwc]]</sup><span id="French-war cost jump"></span>


[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [[École polytechnique]].]]
=== Charles de Gaulle ===
Upon graduating from the [[École polytechnique]] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
<!--
24.1.17, use this image when this draft becomes an article:
[[File:De-gaulle-radio.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Charles de Gaulle speaking on the BBC, 1941]]
-->
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1942]]
At the beginning of [[World War II]], in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as ''L'Appel du 18 Juin'' in French history, the mostly then unknown<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg1]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump1"></span> General [[de Gaulle]] counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:28</sup> to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States.  
Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, [[de Gaulle]] harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:25</sup>


<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.4.7.</span>
[[File:1945 Aug 12 de Gaulle Truman White House.jpg|thumb|250px|right|US President [[Harry Truman|Truman]] and French General [[de Gaulle]], White House, 1945 Aug 12.]]
"Within two weeks" of the death of US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured [[Harry Truman]] on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:116</sup> and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:452</sup> By the time General [[de Gaulle]]<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg2]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump2"></span> came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) <!--, after US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] had died on 1945 Apr 12,--> to campaign for US military aid from then US President [[Harry Truman]], the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg de Gaulle visited Truman]), British, and Chinese."<ref name=Marr.1984/><sup>:413</sup>


Suspecting{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed|On the betrayal suspicion, Chester L. Cooper wrote:{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=123}}<!--<sup>, p.123</sup>--> "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Dr. Bich's 1962 article.{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}}} of being betrayed by the Communist faction{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed}} of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}} and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.{{efn|A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}} who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}<!--{{who?|date=February 2023}}-->{{efn|name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio|A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9]{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}, 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".}}{{efn|name=fn2-TCQ-Editorial|The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [[Hoang Van Chi]] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation` }}
[[File:Baodai2.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Emperor [[Bao Dai]]]]
De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought on the [[Viet Minh]] side against the French colonialists. 
On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span><!--{{efn|Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}}}--> Vietnam Emperor [[Bao Dai]] sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span><!--{{efn|In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}} }}-->


A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
<!--
''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,''<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}--><ref name=NNC.VQL.2023 /> which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.
{{cquote|''Hello.''}} can also use this style to have large double quotes, but no frame.
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Bao Dai]] |source=message to [[de Gaulle]] on 1945 Aug 20{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}</span>}}
-->
<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment -->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Bao Dai to de Gaulle
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii–xiv</sup>
|}
</blockquote>
 
[[File:1945 May Patti in Kunmiing.png|150px|thumb|right|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] in [[Kunming]], 1945 May.]]
Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), [[Ho Chi Minh]] put the resistance in much stronger terms to US [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Major [[Archimedes Patti]], who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span><!--{{efn|From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}} }}-->
 
<!--
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.  {{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] to [[Archimedes Patti]]  |source=''Why Viet Nam?'' 1980, p.4.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}</span>}}
-->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]] to OSS Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]]<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup>
|}
</blockquote>


The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert [[Paul Mus]], who first met [[Ho Chi Minh]] in 1945, recounted that [[Ho Chi Minh]] said<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/><!--{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}--> then:<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp1]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump1"></span><!--{{efn |name=Paul Mus interview|In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the {{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said {{bracket|in 1945}}, 'I have no army.' That's not true now {{bracket|in 1968}}.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."}}-->


<!--
<!--
2024.04.07
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] |source=according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}</span>}}
-->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
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! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]], according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
|}
</blockquote>
 
[[Paul Mus]] added "For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp2]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump2"></span><!--{{efn|name=Paul Mus interview}}-->


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
To cite in text:
<div style="font-size:80%; background-color:lightyellow; border:1px outset black; padding:10px;">
* Buttinger (1967a)<ref name=Buttinger.1967a />
The Note link-labels, such as <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup> in superscript, are unique identifiers for the corresponding Notes, with "N" standing for "Note", followed by a period and three or four characters summarizing the Note contents, e.g., "bda" for "Bao Dai abdication," which is the title (in italics) of the Note <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.  In front of each Note, the uparrow ↑ preceeding a Note link such as (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) indicates the link to jump back to the text with the link <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.
* Napalm.<ref name=napalm></ref><sup>: 10</sup>
* Vu Quoc Loc (2023a)<ref name=VQL.2023a />
* Vu Quoc Loc (2023b)<ref name=VQL.2023b />


The target of the link (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) is the HTML ''[[HTML element#Anchor |anchor]]'' with the code <code><nowiki><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span></nowiki></code> having the anchor name being "Bao Dai abdication jump", without an [[Anchor_text]] (or link text, or link label) inside.  The code <code><nowiki>[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]</nowiki></code> creates the link (see [[Help:Link]]) with label "[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]" to jump to the anchor with anchor name "Bao Dai abdication jump".
</div>


already cited
<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span>-->
* Nguyen Ngoc Chau, Vu Quoc Loc (2023)<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023 />
<span id="Bao Dai abdication"></span>
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai abdication:</i> Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup>


<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span>-->
<span id="Bao Dai quote"></span>
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai quote jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai quote:</i> In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii-xiv</sup><!--{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}-->


-->
<span id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
* (↑ [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|N.bs]]) <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on ''The China Quarterly'']]<span id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
<!--:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Note]].-->
 
<span id="bich-injury"></span>
* (↑ [[#bich-injury-jump|N.bi]]) <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>
<!--:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Note]].-->
 
<span id="China Quarterly"></span>
* (↑ [[#China Quarterly jump|N.tcq]]) <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation."  This China Quarterly issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
<!--:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Note 2]].-->
 
<span id="de Gaulle"></span>
* (↑ [[#de Gaulle jump1|N.cdg1]], [[#de Gaulle jump2|N.cdg2]]) <i>De Gaulle:</i> The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:24</sup>  By Aug 1946, [[de Gaulle]] had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.<ref name="de Gaulle web"/>
 
<span id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
* (↑ [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|N.fa]]) <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
<!--: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Note]].-->
 
<span id="French-war cost"></span>
* (↑ [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]]) <i>French-war cost:</i> PBS ''US Involvement in Vietnam'' Video time 0:11 to 0:32:<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam"/> "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.  That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/>).  Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."<ref name="Deconde.2002"/><sup>:597</sup> The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.<ref name="Lawrence.2007"/><sup>:46</sup>
<!--:Back to [[#French-war cost jump|Note]] [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]].-->
 
<!--<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span>-->
<span id="HCM quote1"></span>
* (↑ [[#HCM quote1 jump|N.hcm1]]) <i>HCM quote1:</i> From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup><!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}-->
 
<span id="Minh Tan"></span>
* (↑ [[#Minh Tan jump|N.mbl]]) <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
<!--: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Note]].-->
 
<span id="Napalm battles"></span>
* (↑ [[#Napalm battles jump|N.nb]]) <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
<!--:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Note]]. -->
 
<span id="Political influence"></span>
* (↑ [[#Political influence jump|N.pi]]) <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
<!--:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Note]].-->
 
<span id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
* (↑ [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|N.psq1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|N.psq2]]) <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
<!--:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Note 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Note 2]].-->
 
<!--<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump"></span>-->
<span id="Year of the Pig"></span>
* (↑ [[#Year of the Pig jump1|N.ytp1]], [[#Year of the Pig jump2|N.ytp2]]) <i>Year of the Pig:</i> In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s Youtube video time 13:56]<!--{{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}-->, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said [in 1945]<!--{{bracket|in 1945}}-->, 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]<!--{{bracket|in 1968}}-->.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."


== References ==
== References ==
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
<!--
<span style="background-color:yellow">NOTE: 24.5.17, Reference links are NOT the same as in Wikipedia. Be careful when copy the section References from Wikipedia so NOT to overwrite the changes for CZ.  ENDNOTE </span>
Patti 1980<ref name=Patti.1980/>
Paul Mus 1969<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
-->
Marr 1984<ref name=Marr.1984/>,
Marr 2013<ref name=Marr.2013/>


<references>
<references>
<!-- NEW refs not yet re-organized -->
<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary">
{{citation |title=Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/16/archives/dr-paul-mus-dies-a-yale-professor-southeast-asia-authority-also.html |date=16 August 1969 |ref={{harvid|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}}}.
</ref>
<ref name="de Gaulle web">
{{citation |title=Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969) |series= Former Presidents of the Republic |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle |website=www.elysee.fr |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2023 |ref = {{harvid|de Gaulle web}} }}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328183641/https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
</ref>
<ref name=Marr.1984>
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=1984 |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamesetradit0000marr |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
</ref>
<ref name=Marr.2013>
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=2013 |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946) |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley.}}
</ref>
<ref name=Patti.1980>
{{citation |last=Patti |first=Archimedes |year=1980 |title=Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross |url=https://archive.org/details/whyvietnamprelud0000patt/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=University of California Press | location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0520047839}}
</ref>
<ref name=Tonnesson.2010>
{{citation |last=Tønnesson | first=Stein |year=2010 |title=Vietnam 1946: How the War Began |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, California |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnam1946howwa0000tnne/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
</ref>
<!-- TO reorganize the above NEW refs -->


<!--
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</ref>
</ref>
-->
-->
<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam">
{{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, <!--{{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}-->[https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/ PBS Learning Media, Illinois]. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
</ref>


<ref name=Buttinger.1967b>
<ref name=Buttinger.1967b>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger Buttinger] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
{{citation |last=[[Joseph Buttinger|Buttinger]] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
</ref>
</ref>


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</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=bich-injury>
<ref name="Deconde.2002">
<b>Note:</b>  
{{citation  
A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in  {{citation |last1=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |last2=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=21 Mar 2023}}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]..
|editor-last1 = DeConde |editor-first1 = A.
|editor-last2 = Burns |editor-first2 = R.D.
|editor-last3 = Logevall |editor-first3 = F.
|year=2002
|title=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |volume=3
|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam03deco/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater
|access-date=2024-05-11
|publisher=Charles Scribner's & Sons
}}.
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=fn-NNB-hero>
<ref name=Honey.1962>
<b>Note:</b>  
{{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.   
See extensive notes and quotations in ◉  {{citation |last1=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |last2=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=21 Mar 2023}}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]. and ◉ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), ''[https://archive.org/details/notes-on-vietnam-history Notes on Vietnam History]'', Internet Archive, retrieved 27 Jun 2023, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020">
{{citation |last=Lady Borton |year=2020 |title=WE NEVER KNEW: Napalm use during Vietnam's French-American War
|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907175453/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html
|archive-date=2022-09-07
}}, [https://vietnamnet.vn/ vietnamnet.vn], May 5.
<!--
<!--
<ref name=napalm>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220907175453/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html Internet archived on 2022.09.07].
<!--Napalm-->
-->
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm Napalm]
</ref>
 
<ref name=Langguth.2000>
{{citation |last=[[A.J. Langguth|Langguth]] |first=Arthur John |year=2000 |title=Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla |url-access=registration |access-date=14 Mar 2023}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Lawrence.2007">
{{citation |editor-last1 = Lawrence |editor-first1 = Mark A. |editor-last2 = Logevall |editor-first2 = Fredrik |year=2007 |title=The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War |publisher=Harvard University Press, Massachusetts }}.
</ref>
 
<ref name=Logevall.2012>
{{citation |last=Logevall | first=Fredrik |year=2012 |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge |url-access=registration |access-date=12 Apr 2012 |publisher=Random House, New York}}, 864 pp. Winner of the [https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/fredrik-logevall 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History]: "''For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000).''  A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war"  • Winner of the [https://sah.columbia.edu/content/prizes/francis-parkman-prize/2013-fredrik-logevall-embers-war-fall-empire-and-making 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians] • Winner of the [https://americanlibraryinparis.org/fredrik-logevall-reflects-on-vietnam-different-dreams-same-footsteps/ 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award] • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations [https://www.cfr.org/past-winners-arthur-ross-book-award 2013 Gold Medal] [https://www.cfr.org/arthur-ross-book-award Arthur Ross Book Award] • Finalist for the [https://www.cundillprize.com/winners/2013 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature].
</ref>
</ref>
-->


<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly The China Quarterly] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
</ref>
</ref>


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</ref>
</ref>


<!--
 
<ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien >
{{citation |last=Tran-Thi-Lien |year=2002 |chapter=Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor |pages=278–309 |title=Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society |editor=Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12124 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.12124 |isbn=9780472098057 }}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQfqQB_7K0C&dq=Bui+Quang+Chieu+Ngoc+Bich&pg=PA281 Google Book] (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
</ref>
 
 
<ref name=VQL.2023a>
<ref name=VQL.2023a>
{{citation |last=Vu Quoc Loc |year=2023a |title=Notes on Vietnam History |url=https://archive.org/details/notes-on-vietnam-history |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 Jun 2023 }}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
{{citation |last=Vu Quoc Loc |year=2023a |title=Notes on Vietnam History |url=https://archive.org/details/notes-on-vietnam-history |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 Jun 2023 }}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
</ref>
</ref>
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</references>
== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich] on Wikipedia, where anonymous users can edit.


</references>


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Latest revision as of 18:31, 18 May 2024

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Introduction

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962
Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
Born 18 May 1911
Ben Tre, Vietnam
Died 4 Dec 1966
Thu Duc, Vietnam
Occupation *Engineer
  • Resistance fighter
  • Medical doctor
  • Politician
Title Doctor (medical)
Known for Resistance war, politics
Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at École polytechnique.
Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at École polytechnique.

Nguyễn Ngọc Bích (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,[1]:850. N.psq1 a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.[2]

The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street in the city of Cần Thơ, Vietnam, was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,[3]:122 imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"[3]:122 that left a mark on his forehead,N.bi and exiled) during the First Indochina War.

Upon graduating from the École polytechnique (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (civil engineering) in France in 1935,[4] Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the Viet-Minh, and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.

SuspectingN.bs of being betrayed by the Communist factionN.bs of the Viet-Minh and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his École polytechnique classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,[5]: 299 and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.N.mbl In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to Ngo Dinh Diem as the sixth prime minister of the State of Vietnam under the former Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State,[6]:84 who selected Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",[7][4], he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".[7] N.pi, N.tcq

A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,[8] which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.

Important historical events that affected Bich's adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which Bich had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a "Francophile anticolonialist"N.fa, N.psq2 and to join the Viet Minh in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese coup de force in 1945, Ho Chi Minh's call for a general uprising from Tân Trào, the 1945 August Revolution, the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.). The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to Bich's activities. Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing. For example, the history and the general use of napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized. Regarding the French using American-made napalm bombs in the First Indochina War, well-known battlesN.nb are also not summarized.

First Indochina War

The broader historic events of World War II and the First Indochina War---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which Nguyen Ngoc Bich fought the French colonists until he was captured. The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized. French General de Gaulle, by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which Bich fought. Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the Viet Minh, called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which Bich responded. US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history. US President Harry Truman was a reason that the First Indochina War is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,[9] and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 paper. The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President Eisenhower, and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under Truman.N.fwc

Charles de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle in 1942

At the beginning of World War II, in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as L'Appel du 18 Juin in French history, the mostly then unknownN.cdg1 General de Gaulle counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,[10]:28 to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States. Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, de Gaulle harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."[10]:25

US President Truman and French General de Gaulle, White House, 1945 Aug 12.

"Within two weeks" of the death of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured Harry Truman on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",[11]:116 and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.[11]:452 By the time General de GaulleN.cdg2 came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) to campaign for US military aid from then US President Harry Truman, the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, de Gaulle visited Truman), British, and Chinese."[12]:413

Emperor Bao Dai

De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated Bich fought on the Viet Minh side against the French colonialists. On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,N.bda Vietnam Emperor Bao Dai sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:N.bdq

Bao Dai to de Gaulle
❝I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.❞
--- Bao Dai, message to de Gaulle on 1945 Aug 20[13]:xiii–xiv
OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti in Kunming, 1945 May.

Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), Ho Chi Minh put the resistance in much stronger terms to US OSS Major Archimedes Patti, who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:N.hcm1

Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
❝If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.❞
--- Ho Chi Minh to OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti[11]:4

The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert Paul Mus, who first met Ho Chi Minh in 1945, recounted that Ho Chi Minh said[14] then:N.ytp1

Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
❝I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].❞
--- Ho Chi Minh, according to Paul Mus, the New York Times 1969 obituary[14]

Paul Mus added "For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."N.ytp2

Notes

The Note link-labels, such as N.bda in superscript, are unique identifiers for the corresponding Notes, with "N" standing for "Note", followed by a period and three or four characters summarizing the Note contents, e.g., "bda" for "Bao Dai abdication," which is the title (in italics) of the Note N.bda. In front of each Note, the uparrow ↑ preceeding a Note link such as (↑ N.bda) indicates the link to jump back to the text with the link N.bda.

The target of the link (↑ N.bda) is the HTML anchor with the code <span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span> having the anchor name being "Bao Dai abdication jump", without an Anchor_text (or link text, or link label) inside. The code [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]] creates the link (see Help:Link) with label "N.bda" to jump to the anchor with anchor name "Bao Dai abdication jump".

  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai abdication: Under the pressure of the Viet Minh,[11]:186-187 Bao Dai had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,[11]:186-187 and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.[11]:220 Ho Chi Minh then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy" (Bao Dai's birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"[11]:220 of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.[11]:220

  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai quote: In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book Vietnam 1946.[13]:xiii-xiv

  • (↑ N.bs) Betrayal suspicion: On the betrayal suspicion, Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023, p.123, wrote: "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Volume 9. See the Note on The China Quarterly.

  • (↑ N.bi) Bich's injury: A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.[8]

  • (↑ N.cdg1, N.cdg2) De Gaulle: The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.[10]:24 By Aug 1946, de Gaulle had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.[15]

  • (↑ N.fa) Francophile anticolonialists: "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise. Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."[10]:9

  • (↑ N.fwc) French-war cost: PBS US Involvement in Vietnam Video time 0:11 to 0:32:[16] "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism. That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war[9]). Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."[17]:597 The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.[18]:46

  • (↑ N.hcm1) HCM quote1: From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.[11]:4

  • (↑ N.psq1, N.psq2) Primary sources, quotations: See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography[8] and Notes on Vietnam History.[19]

  • (↑ N.ytp1, N.ytp2) Year of the Pig: In his interview in the 1968 documentary In the Year of the Pig, at the Youtube video time 13:56, Paul Mus recounted: "Ho Chi Minh said [in 1945], 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]. 'I have no army.' 1945. 'I have no finance. I have no diplomacy. I have no public instruction. I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.' Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."

References

Marr 1984[12], Marr 2013[20]

  1. ↑ Buttinger, Joseph (1967b), Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2, Frederik A. Praegers, New York. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2023
  2. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (March 1962), "Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023, pp. 105–111. See also the contents of Volume 9, which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as Bernard B. Fall, Hoang Van Chi, Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book Histoire du Viet-Nam in Section References and French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40), P. J. Honey, Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam, Debresse, Paris, 1961, reviewed] by P. J. Honey), among others.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau (2018), Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, L'Harmattan, Paris, France. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
  5. ↑ Tran-Thi-Lien (2002), Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor, in Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux, Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472098057, DOI:10.3998/mpub.12124, at 278–309. Google Book (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
  6. ↑ Langguth, Arthur John (2000), Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975, Simon & Schuster, New York. Retrieved on 14 Mar 2023
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC-BY-SA 4.0. (Backup copy.) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lady Borton (2020), WE NEVER KNEW: Napalm use during Vietnam's French-American War, vietnamnet.vn, May 5.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Logevall, Fredrik (2012), Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam, Random House, New York. Retrieved on 12 Apr 2012, 864 pp. Winner of the 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History: "For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000). A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war" • Winner of the 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians • Winner of the 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations 2013 Gold Medal Arthur Ross Book Award • Finalist for the 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Patti, Archimedes (1980), Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520047839
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marr, David G. (1984), Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945, University of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tønnesson, Stein (2010), Vietnam 1946: How the War Began, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France", New York Times, 16 August 1969.
  15. ↑ Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969), Former Presidents of the Republic, 15 November 2018. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2023. Internet archived on 2023.03.28.
  16. ↑ US Involvement in Indochina. Retrieved on 2023-12-09, PBS Learning Media, Illinois. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary The Vietnam War, a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's & Sons, 2002. Retrieved on 2024-05-11.
  18. ↑ The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 2007.
  19. ↑ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), Notes on Vietnam History, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 27 Jun 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  20. ↑ Marr, David G. (2013), Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946), University of California Press, Berkeley.

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