Nguyen Ngoc Bich: Difference between revisions

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The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<!--{{efn|name=Bich-injury}}--><ref name=bich-injury /> and exiled) during the [[First Indochina War]].
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>: 122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<!--{{efn|name=Bich-injury}}--><ref name=bich-injury /> and exiled) during the [[First Indochina War]].


<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.4.6.</span>
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [[École polytechnique]].]]
Upon graduating from the [[École polytechnique]] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.


[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [[École polytechnique]].]]
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.4.7.</span>
Upon graduating from the [[École polytechnique]] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}} Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.


Suspecting{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed|On the betrayal suspicion, Chester L. Cooper wrote:{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=123}}<!--<sup>, p.123</sup>--> "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Dr. Bich's 1962 article.{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}}} of being betrayed by the Communist faction{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed}} of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}} and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.{{efn|A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}} who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}<!--{{who?|date=February 2023}}-->{{efn|name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio|A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9]{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}, 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".}}{{efn|name=fn2-TCQ-Editorial|The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [[Hoang Van Chi]] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation` }}
Suspecting{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed|On the betrayal suspicion, Chester L. Cooper wrote:{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=123}}<!--<sup>, p.123</sup>--> "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Dr. Bich's 1962 article.{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}}} of being betrayed by the Communist faction{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed}} of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}} and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.{{efn|A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}} who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}<!--{{who?|date=February 2023}}-->{{efn|name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio|A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9]{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}, 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".}}{{efn|name=fn2-TCQ-Editorial|The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [[Hoang Van Chi]] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation` }}
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<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly The China Quarterly] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly The China Quarterly] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
</ref>
<ref name=NNC.2018>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |year=2018 |title=Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle |publisher=L'Harmattan, Paris, France |url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/livre-le_temps_des_ancetres_une_famille_vietnamienne_dans_sa_traversee_du_xxe_siecle_chau_nguyen_ngoc-9782343140834-58952.html |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
</ref>
</ref>


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Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
Born 18 May 1911
Ben Tre, Vietnam
Died 4 Dec 1966
Thu Duc, Vietnam
Occupation *Engineer
  • Resistance fighter
  • Medical doctor
  • Politician
Title Doctor (medical)
Known for Resistance war, politics

Nguyễn Ngọc Bích (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,[1]: 850. [2] a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.[3]

The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street in the city of Cần Thơ, Vietnam, was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,[4]: 122 imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"[4]: 122 that left a mark on his forehead,[5] and exiled) during the First Indochina War.

Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at École polytechnique.

Upon graduating from the École polytechnique (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (civil engineering) in France in 1935,[6] Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the Viet-Minh, and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.

I AM HERE 24.4.7.

Suspecting[lower-alpha 1] of being betrayed by the Communist faction[lower-alpha 1] of the Viet-Minh and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his École polytechnique classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,Template:Sfn and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.[lower-alpha 2] In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to Ngo Dinh Diem as the sixth prime minister of the State of Vietnam under the former Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State,[lower-alpha 3] who selected Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".Template:Sfn[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]

A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,Template:Sfn which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.


Notes

To cite in text:

  • Buttinger (1967a)[7]
  • Vu Quoc Loc (2023a)[8]
  • Vu Quoc Loc (2023b)[9]
  • Nguyen Ngoc Chau, Vu Quoc Loc (2023)[10]

References

  1. ↑ Buttinger, Joseph (1967b), Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2, Frederik A. Praegers, New York. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2023
  2. ↑ Note: See extensive notes and quotations in ◉ Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0. and ◉ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), Notes on Vietnam History, Internet Archive, retrieved 27 Jun 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  3. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (March 1962), "Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023, pp. 105–111. See also the contents of Volume 9, which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as Bernard B. Fall, Hoang Van Chi, Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book Histoire du Viet-Nam in Section References and French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40), P. J. Honey, Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam, Debresse, Paris, 1961, reviewed] by P. J. Honey), among others.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023
  5. ↑ Note: A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0..
  6. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau (2018), Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, L'Harmattan, Paris, France. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
  7. ↑ Buttinger, Joseph (1967a), Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.1, Frederik A. Praegers, New York. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2023
  8. ↑ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), Notes on Vietnam History, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 27 Jun 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  9. ↑ Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023b), Marco Polo's Caugigu - Phạm Ngũ Lão's Đại Việt - 1285, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 23 Apr 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  10. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC-BY-SA 4.0. (Backup copy.) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.


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