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*''×Isanitella''<small> [[Leinig]] 1971</small> | *''×Isanitella''<small> [[Leinig]] 1971</small> | ||
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'''''Isabelia''''' is an [[orchid]] genus formed by three tiny species and one natural hybrid, spread from Northeast of [[Brazil]] to [[Argentina]], which are closely related to the genus ''[[Constantia]]''. During more than a century ''Isabelia'' was a genus formed by just one species, however, around | '''''Isabelia''''' is an [[orchid]] genus formed by three tiny species and one natural hybrid, spread from Northeast of [[Brazil]] to [[Argentina]], which are closely related to the genus ''[[Constantia]]''. During more than a century ''Isabelia'' was a genus formed by just one species, however, around 1968, it was merged with genus ''Neolauchea'', also unispecific. In 2001, a third genus was added to it, ''Sophronitella''. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
{{Image|Isabelia violacea.jpg|left|300px|'''''Isabelia violacea'''''<br><small>This is the largest ''Isabelia'' species and also the most showy.</small>}} | |||
''Isabelia'' are [[epiphyte]] or rarely [[rupicolous]] species that are just occasionally found but usually grow into large colonies, spread in [[Atlantic Forest]] of Brazil from north [[Bahia]] to [[Rio Grande do Sul]], both in the humid slopes of [[Serra do Mar]] and in the drier forests of [[Brazilian Plateau]], from sea level to fifteen hundred meters of altitude; ''I. virginalis'' also found in [[Paraguay]] and north of Argentina. | |||
''Isabelia pulchella'' exists from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul,<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz </span> (1975). '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses 1''': 148, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. ISBN 3871050106 </ref> where it is more common growing epiphytically along the coastal montane areas. It is the ''Isabelia'' species exposed to the higher amount of constant humidity. | |||
''Isabelia violacea'' it the species that can be found farther north, from Bahia State to Rio Grande do Sul, where grows epiphytically and is also common inhabiting the streams banks open jungles of ''[[campos rupestres]]'' of [[Minas Gerais]] and Bahia States at around eleven hundred meters of altitude occasionally as a rupicolous under full sunlight. | |||
''Isabelia virginalis'' in often found epiphytically in semi deciduous forest in [[São Paulo]] and [[Paraná]] from two to five hundred meters of altitude but can reach fifteen hundred in Minas Gerais mountains not rarely living as a [[lithophyte]] at these elevations. It grows both on main stems and mid height and high branches of [[tree]]s, where it is exposed to plenty of [[luminosity]], [[humidity]] and [[ventilation]]. | |||
''Isabelia × pabstii'', a natural hybrid of ''Isabelia pulchella'' and ''I. violacea'', previously known as ''Isanitella × pabstii'', is know from a collection only, in [[Paraná]] State, South of Brazil, growing in the crevices and debris pockets of eroded sandstone outcroppings in [[Vila Velha]], near [[Ponta Grossa]].<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Leinig, Milton</span> (1971). ''Isanitella, a new intergeneric hybrid'' in '''American Orchid Society Bulletin vol. 40''': 709-12.</ref> It has lavender pink flowers with whiter labellum.<ref name="WH"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Withner, Carl Leslie</span> (1990). ''Isabelia virginalis'' in '''The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3''', pp.89. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692</ref> | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
''Isabelia'' have unifoliated pseudobulbs; linear [[leaf|leaves]]; [[inflorescence]] bearing one of few [[flower]]s, which | ''Isabelia'' have unifoliated ovoid to fusiform pseudobulbs; linear or acicular [[leaf|leaves]]; and erect apical [[inflorescence]] bearing one of few [[flower]]s. The flowers have petals, sepals and labellum of the same color, which can be white, pale pink or magenta. Their [[sepals]] are widely elliptical to ovate, the [[petals]] can be narrower and oblong or wider elliptic. The labellum is entire and oblong. The labellum may be entirely free of partially fused to the column forming a nectary. The column is stout and darker than the rest of the flower and may have four or eight [[pollinia]].<ref name="CBGO"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Van den Berg, Cássio</span> (2006). ''Isabelia'' in '''Genera Orchidacearum Vol.4''', pp. 360-2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198507123.</ref> | ||
All ''Isabelia'' species bloom from early autumn to early winter and their flowers last for about a week. Nothing is known about their pollinators. They have no known uses other than horticultural. ''Isabelia'' species are not very easy to cultivate. All species can be grown mounted on vegetable plaques and need plenty of humidity and ventilation and moderate to high luminosity. As these species resent from frequent repotting it is good to leave room enough to a five years period of development. Their roots should not be kept humid during the night so morning waterings are preferential.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer</span> (2006). ''Sopronitella violacea'' in '''Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas''', p. 240. Rio de Janeiro.</ref> | |||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
{{Image|Isabelia virginalis Barb.Rodr..jpg|left|260px|'''''Isabelia virginalis'''''<br><small>Detail of the illustration on original publication by João Barbosa Rodrigues in 1877. The characteristic network covering its pseudobulbs is visible on this drawing.</small>}} | |||
The first species of ''Isabelia'' to be discovered was ''I. virginalis''. It was collected in [[Serra dos Órgãos]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] and sent to Europe by George Gardner, in 1837. At that time is was regarded as possibly a ''[[Maxillaria]]'' species. Despite having been known for long time, for some unknown reason, ''Isabelia virginalis'' remained without a formal description and scientific name until 1877,<ref name="DM"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer</span> (2006). ''Isabelia virginalis'' in '''Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas''', p. 235. Rio de Janeiro.</ref> when [[João Barbosa Rodrigues]] found several specimens of it in [[Caldas]], Minas Gerais on the trees around jungle clearances.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barbosa Rodrigues, João</span> (1877). ''Isabelia virginalis'' in '''Genera et species orchidacearum novarum''' Vol.1, p.75. Rio de Janeiro. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12207019 Published on the Internet, in French and Latin.]</ref> The name of this genus is an homage to Isabel, the Princess of Brazil, the daughter of [[D. Pedro II]], Emperor at the time Barbosa Rodrigues published his book. | |||
The first ''Isabelia'' species to be formally described was ''Sophronitis violacea'', by [[John Lindley]] in 1840. It is a very short description where he mentions it does not have red flowers as the other ''Sophronitis'' species.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1840). ''Sophronitis violacea'' in Edwards's botanical register 26 (misc.): 18. Ed. James Ridgway, London.</ref> In 1891, the Botanist [[Kuntze|Carl Kuntze]] proposed it should be better identified as ''Sophronia violacea''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kuntze</span> (1891). ''Sophronia violacea'' in Revis. Genera Plantarum 2: 681.</ref> In 1925, [[Schltr.|Rudolf Schlechter]] suggested the new genus ''Sophronitella'' to classify this species. The names was a reference to the tiny size of the plant and flowers that resembled a smaller ''Sophronitis''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schlechter, Rudolf</span> (1295). ''Sophronitella violacea'' in Repert. Species Novarum Regni Veg. Beih. 35: 76.</ref> | |||
The last ''Isabelia'' species to be described was originally published by [[Kraenzl.|Friedrich Kraenzlin]], in 1897, as ''Neolauchea pulchella'' in homage to Director Lauche of [[Liechtenstein Botanic Gardens]].<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kraenzlin, Friedrich</span> (1897). ''Neolauchea pulchella'' in Bull. '''Herb. Boissier 5''': 110.</ref> In 1905 [[Porsch|Andre Porsch]], probably not aware of previous description by Kraenzlin, described this species again as ''Meiracyllium wettsteinii''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Porsch, Andre</span> (1905). ''Meiracyllium wettsteinii'' in '''Oesterr. Bot. Zeitung 55''': 160.</ref> In 1968, [[Karheinz Senghas]] and [[Teuscher|H. Teuscher]] suggested the combination of ''Neulauchea'' with ''Isabelia'', however, because they did not mention the publication information of the [[basionym]], as required by the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]], their combination is considered invalid.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Teuscher, H.</span> (1968). ''Isabelia virginalis and I. pulchella'' in '''American Orchid Society Bulletin vol. 37''': 502-3.</ref> | |||
According to [[Cássio van den Berg]], who studied their [[phylogeny]], ''[[Isabellia]]'' is closely related to ''[[Pseudolaelia]]'' and ''[[Constantia]]'' and all three form a sister clade to another small clade that includes ''[[Leptotes]]'' and ''Loefgrenianthus''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Van den Berg, Cássio ''et al''</span> (2000). ''A Phylogenetic analysis of Laellinae based on sequence data from internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA'' in '''Lindleyana vol.15-2''', pp. 96–114. [http://www.cassiovandenberg.hpg.ig.com.br/pdfs/vandenbergetal2000.pdf Published on Internet].</ref> The two clades constitute ''Isabellia'' alliance, formed by plants that share stout columns, sometimes partially adnate to the labellum forming round nectaries, and is one of the eight clades of subtribus [[Laeliinae]].<ref name="CBGO"/> Therefore, in 2001, [[Cássio van den Berg]] and [[M.W.Chase|Mark W. Chase]] suggested the combination of ''Neolauchea'' and ''Sopronitella'' within ''Isabelia''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Van den Berg, C. & Chase, M.W.</span> (2001). ''Nomenclatural notes on Laeliinae - II. Additional combinations and notes'' in '''Lindleyana 16(2)''': 109-112. [http://www.cassiovandenberg.com/pdfs/2001-vandenberg&chase.pdf Published on the Internet.]</ref> | |||
==Species== | ==Species== | ||
{{Image|Isabelia pulchella 12.jpg|right|300px|'''''Isabelia pulchella'''''<br><small>This is the only ''Isabelia'' species with an elongated rhyzome.</small>}} | |||
Although the three species of ''Isabelia'' share several morphological characteristics, they are highly different from each other and very easy to identify, both through the vegetative qualities or from particularities on their flowers. Despite all species today are subordinated to the same genus, many orchid collectors and some taxonomists prefer the former names.<ref name="WN"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Withner, Carl Leslie</span> (1990). ''Neolauchea pulchella'' in '''The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3''', pp.100-1. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692</ref> The reason to unify the genera was to make clear their close relationship and to reduce the number of accepted genera, however, the use of former genera names does not imply in any inconvenience towards phylogenetic classification and does not create polyphyletic genera. | |||
The former genus ''Neolauchea'', whose only species is now ''[[Isabelia pulchella]]'', is the only with elongated [[rhyzome]], therefore, very spaced pseudobulbs, toped by a highly narrow and long concave leave that almost seems to be terete at first sight. Their ovaries become visibly swallowed at their junction to the [[column (botany)|column]] foot where the base of the [[labellum]] is partially fused forming a nectary. It has four pollinia. | |||
The core ''Isabelia'' species, ''[[Isabelia virginalis]]'', presents short reptant rhyzome with pseudobulbs of terete leaves, completely covered by dried stealths formed by a loose tissue of fibers interlaced as a rustic | Former ''Sophronitella'' species, now ''[[Isabelia violacea]]'', is the largest species of ''Isabelia''; with a short rhyzome, more robust and erect [[pseudobulb]]s, with an almost flat leathery leaf. This species is the only to show more than one flowers per inflorescence, up to three. It has the most opened flowers with sepals and petals of similar shape.<ref name="FBH"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico C.</span> (1940). ''Introduction'' in '''Flora Brasílica, Vol 12-1''': 30. Secretaria de Agricultura de São Paulo.</ref> The flower color and shape are remarkably constant in this species and just a few alba form specimens have been collect since it was discovered. It has a free labellum and eight pollinia.<ref name="W"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Withner, Carl Leslie</span> (1990). ''Sobronitella violacea'' in '''The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3''', pp.118-9. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692</ref> | ||
The core ''Isabelia'' species, ''[[Isabelia virginalis]]'', presents short reptant rhyzome with pseudobulbs of terete leaves, completely covered by dried stealths formed by a loose tissue of fibers interlaced as a rustic network. Their labelli are partially fused to the column forming a nectary. Their flowers always are pale pink, almost white, and have eight pollinia.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Johnson, Andrés E.</span> (2001). ''Isabelia virginalis'' in '''Las orquídeas del Parque Nacional Iguazú''', pp. 102-3. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires. ISBN 9509725412</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:56, 28 March 2009
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Isabelia is an orchid genus formed by three tiny species and one natural hybrid, spread from Northeast of Brazil to Argentina, which are closely related to the genus Constantia. During more than a century Isabelia was a genus formed by just one species, however, around 1968, it was merged with genus Neolauchea, also unispecific. In 2001, a third genus was added to it, Sophronitella.
Distribution
Isabelia are epiphyte or rarely rupicolous species that are just occasionally found but usually grow into large colonies, spread in Atlantic Forest of Brazil from north Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, both in the humid slopes of Serra do Mar and in the drier forests of Brazilian Plateau, from sea level to fifteen hundred meters of altitude; I. virginalis also found in Paraguay and north of Argentina.
Isabelia pulchella exists from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul,[1] where it is more common growing epiphytically along the coastal montane areas. It is the Isabelia species exposed to the higher amount of constant humidity.
Isabelia violacea it the species that can be found farther north, from Bahia State to Rio Grande do Sul, where grows epiphytically and is also common inhabiting the streams banks open jungles of campos rupestres of Minas Gerais and Bahia States at around eleven hundred meters of altitude occasionally as a rupicolous under full sunlight.
Isabelia virginalis in often found epiphytically in semi deciduous forest in São Paulo and Paraná from two to five hundred meters of altitude but can reach fifteen hundred in Minas Gerais mountains not rarely living as a lithophyte at these elevations. It grows both on main stems and mid height and high branches of trees, where it is exposed to plenty of luminosity, humidity and ventilation.
Isabelia × pabstii, a natural hybrid of Isabelia pulchella and I. violacea, previously known as Isanitella × pabstii, is know from a collection only, in Paraná State, South of Brazil, growing in the crevices and debris pockets of eroded sandstone outcroppings in Vila Velha, near Ponta Grossa.[2] It has lavender pink flowers with whiter labellum.[3]
Description
Isabelia have unifoliated ovoid to fusiform pseudobulbs; linear or acicular leaves; and erect apical inflorescence bearing one of few flowers. The flowers have petals, sepals and labellum of the same color, which can be white, pale pink or magenta. Their sepals are widely elliptical to ovate, the petals can be narrower and oblong or wider elliptic. The labellum is entire and oblong. The labellum may be entirely free of partially fused to the column forming a nectary. The column is stout and darker than the rest of the flower and may have four or eight pollinia.[4]
All Isabelia species bloom from early autumn to early winter and their flowers last for about a week. Nothing is known about their pollinators. They have no known uses other than horticultural. Isabelia species are not very easy to cultivate. All species can be grown mounted on vegetable plaques and need plenty of humidity and ventilation and moderate to high luminosity. As these species resent from frequent repotting it is good to leave room enough to a five years period of development. Their roots should not be kept humid during the night so morning waterings are preferential.[5]
Taxonomic notes
The first species of Isabelia to be discovered was I. virginalis. It was collected in Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro and sent to Europe by George Gardner, in 1837. At that time is was regarded as possibly a Maxillaria species. Despite having been known for long time, for some unknown reason, Isabelia virginalis remained without a formal description and scientific name until 1877,[6] when João Barbosa Rodrigues found several specimens of it in Caldas, Minas Gerais on the trees around jungle clearances.[7] The name of this genus is an homage to Isabel, the Princess of Brazil, the daughter of D. Pedro II, Emperor at the time Barbosa Rodrigues published his book.
The first Isabelia species to be formally described was Sophronitis violacea, by John Lindley in 1840. It is a very short description where he mentions it does not have red flowers as the other Sophronitis species.[8] In 1891, the Botanist Carl Kuntze proposed it should be better identified as Sophronia violacea.[9] In 1925, Rudolf Schlechter suggested the new genus Sophronitella to classify this species. The names was a reference to the tiny size of the plant and flowers that resembled a smaller Sophronitis.[10]
The last Isabelia species to be described was originally published by Friedrich Kraenzlin, in 1897, as Neolauchea pulchella in homage to Director Lauche of Liechtenstein Botanic Gardens.[11] In 1905 Andre Porsch, probably not aware of previous description by Kraenzlin, described this species again as Meiracyllium wettsteinii.[12] In 1968, Karheinz Senghas and H. Teuscher suggested the combination of Neulauchea with Isabelia, however, because they did not mention the publication information of the basionym, as required by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, their combination is considered invalid.[13]
According to Cássio van den Berg, who studied their phylogeny, Isabellia is closely related to Pseudolaelia and Constantia and all three form a sister clade to another small clade that includes Leptotes and Loefgrenianthus.[14] The two clades constitute Isabellia alliance, formed by plants that share stout columns, sometimes partially adnate to the labellum forming round nectaries, and is one of the eight clades of subtribus Laeliinae.[4] Therefore, in 2001, Cássio van den Berg and Mark W. Chase suggested the combination of Neolauchea and Sopronitella within Isabelia.[15]
Species
Although the three species of Isabelia share several morphological characteristics, they are highly different from each other and very easy to identify, both through the vegetative qualities or from particularities on their flowers. Despite all species today are subordinated to the same genus, many orchid collectors and some taxonomists prefer the former names.[16] The reason to unify the genera was to make clear their close relationship and to reduce the number of accepted genera, however, the use of former genera names does not imply in any inconvenience towards phylogenetic classification and does not create polyphyletic genera.
The former genus Neolauchea, whose only species is now Isabelia pulchella, is the only with elongated rhyzome, therefore, very spaced pseudobulbs, toped by a highly narrow and long concave leave that almost seems to be terete at first sight. Their ovaries become visibly swallowed at their junction to the column foot where the base of the labellum is partially fused forming a nectary. It has four pollinia.
Former Sophronitella species, now Isabelia violacea, is the largest species of Isabelia; with a short rhyzome, more robust and erect pseudobulbs, with an almost flat leathery leaf. This species is the only to show more than one flowers per inflorescence, up to three. It has the most opened flowers with sepals and petals of similar shape.[17] The flower color and shape are remarkably constant in this species and just a few alba form specimens have been collect since it was discovered. It has a free labellum and eight pollinia.[18]
The core Isabelia species, Isabelia virginalis, presents short reptant rhyzome with pseudobulbs of terete leaves, completely covered by dried stealths formed by a loose tissue of fibers interlaced as a rustic network. Their labelli are partially fused to the column forming a nectary. Their flowers always are pale pink, almost white, and have eight pollinia.[19]
References
- ↑ Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz (1975). Orchidaceae Brasilienses 1: 148, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. ISBN 3871050106
- ↑ Leinig, Milton (1971). Isanitella, a new intergeneric hybrid in American Orchid Society Bulletin vol. 40: 709-12.
- ↑ Withner, Carl Leslie (1990). Isabelia virginalis in The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3, pp.89. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Van den Berg, Cássio (2006). Isabelia in Genera Orchidacearum Vol.4, pp. 360-2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198507123.
- ↑ Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer (2006). Sopronitella violacea in Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas, p. 240. Rio de Janeiro.
- ↑ Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer (2006). Isabelia virginalis in Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas, p. 235. Rio de Janeiro.
- ↑ Barbosa Rodrigues, João (1877). Isabelia virginalis in Genera et species orchidacearum novarum Vol.1, p.75. Rio de Janeiro. Published on the Internet, in French and Latin.
- ↑ Lindley, John (1840). Sophronitis violacea in Edwards's botanical register 26 (misc.): 18. Ed. James Ridgway, London.
- ↑ Kuntze (1891). Sophronia violacea in Revis. Genera Plantarum 2: 681.
- ↑ Schlechter, Rudolf (1295). Sophronitella violacea in Repert. Species Novarum Regni Veg. Beih. 35: 76.
- ↑ Kraenzlin, Friedrich (1897). Neolauchea pulchella in Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: 110.
- ↑ Porsch, Andre (1905). Meiracyllium wettsteinii in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitung 55: 160.
- ↑ Teuscher, H. (1968). Isabelia virginalis and I. pulchella in American Orchid Society Bulletin vol. 37: 502-3.
- ↑ Van den Berg, Cássio et al (2000). A Phylogenetic analysis of Laellinae based on sequence data from internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Lindleyana vol.15-2, pp. 96–114. Published on Internet.
- ↑ Van den Berg, C. & Chase, M.W. (2001). Nomenclatural notes on Laeliinae - II. Additional combinations and notes in Lindleyana 16(2): 109-112. Published on the Internet.
- ↑ Withner, Carl Leslie (1990). Neolauchea pulchella in The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3, pp.100-1. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692
- ↑ Hoehne, Frederico C. (1940). Introduction in Flora Brasílica, Vol 12-1: 30. Secretaria de Agricultura de São Paulo.
- ↑ Withner, Carl Leslie (1990). Sobronitella violacea in The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3, pp.118-9. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692
- ↑ Johnson, Andrés E. (2001). Isabelia virginalis in Las orquídeas del Parque Nacional Iguazú, pp. 102-3. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires. ISBN 9509725412