Hermann Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Fischer (Flamersheim, Germany, 9 October, 1852 – Berlin, 15 July 1919) is one of the founders of classic organic chemistry. He received the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry for pioneering work on sugar and purine syntheses.
Life
Fischer was born and raised in Flamersheim (part of Euskirchen) in North-Rhine-Westphalia. In 1869 he received his high-school diploma and after a non-finished education in business, he switched fields and went in 1871 to the University of Bonn to study chemistry. After a year he continued his studies at the newly established University of Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate under Adolf von Baeyer in 1874. His topic was the study of phenolphtalein dyes. In 1875 he accompanied his supervisor to Munich, where he made his habilitation (second doctor's degree) three years later, and became Privatdozent. In 1879 he was promoted to associate professor of analytic chemistry. In 1881 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Erlangen and from 1888 until 1892 he was professor of chemistry at the University of Würzburg. In 1892 he went to the [University of Berlin]], where he remained until his death in 1919. He died by his own hand after he was told that he had cancer. Two of his sons had fallen in World War I.
Work
Fischer's research on the purines was started in 1881. He determined the structures of uric acid, xanthine, caffeine, theobromine, and other related compounds, and he showed that they are all derivatives of a single compound, a nitrogenous base that he named purine.
His researches into the sugar group, begun in 1883, were of great importance to organic chemistry. In 1875 he had published his discovery of the compound phenylhydrazine, a substance that in 1884 he found reacts with simple sugars to form derivatives called osazones. Despite major complications because of stereochemical relations, Fischer was able to use these derivatives to determine the molecular structures of fructose, [[glucose], and many other sugars, and he was able to verify his results by synthesizing those compounds. He also showed how to distinguish the formulas of the 16 stereoisometric glucoses. In the course of his stereochemical research, Fischer discovered that there are two series of sugars, the D sugars and the L sugars, that are mirror images of each other. His study of sugars led him to investigate the reactions and substances involved in fermentation, and, in his investigations of how enzymes break down sugars, Fischer laid the foundations for enzyme chemistry.
Fischer's researches ultimately elucidated the structure of proteins. It was already known that proteins were composed of amino acids, but Fischer found new ways of purifying amino acids and determining how they are combined together within the protein molecule. He then found ways to link amino acids to each other and began synthesizing protein-like substances; in 1907 he was able to combine 18 amino acids into a polypeptide, which he then broke down by enzymes in the same manner as would occur in a natural protein.
Work
Fischer's name lives on in the following chemical processes
- Fischer indole synthesis
- Fischer projection
- Fischer oxazole synthesis
- Fischer peptide synthesis
- Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction
- Fischer reduction
- Fischer-Speier esterification
- Fischer glycosidation
The Fischer-Tropsch process is named after Franz Emil Fischer (1877 – 1947).