Dog intelligence
Dog intelligence is the ability of a dog to learn and solve problems. It's one thing to state what the concept of canine intelligence is, and it's quite another to measure it in any way. Dog trainers, owners, and researchers have as much (or more) difficulty agreeing on how to evaluate canine intelligence as they do for human intelligence. There are good reasons, though, for discussing the intelligence of dogs, and one of them is that it is a major factor in choosing a dog for canine work or human companionship.
So, when discussing the intelligence of dogs, it's best to make clear that this article treats the topic as viewed from a human perspective. There have been a number of rank order lists of dog breeds in which different criteria were used to assess intelligence, as will be more fully explained in a later section. The breeds at the top and bottom of these lists are often the same: Border collies, poodles and retrievers making the honor roll, and basset hounds, Afghan hounds, foxhounds and St. Bernards labelled the "slow learners".
The ability to learn and obey commands, however, is far from the only possible measurement of intelligence.
Livestock guardian breeds such as the Great Pyrenees, Kuvasz, and Anatolian Shepherd Dog are notorious for hesitating rather than instantly obeying commands. Fanciers of these breeds sometimes explain that a dog, such as the Anatolian Shepherd, that was bred to be left "on its own" for periods of time with the flock has been selected out to think independently, and that this characteristic makes it less likelt to obey reflexively. Several hounds rank in the bottom tier of "The Intelligence of Dogs" list (such as Beagles, Bloodhounds, and Basset Hounds), and for these animals the fancier has a different explanation. These dogs are bred to have more of a "pack" mentality with other dogs and less reliance on a master's direct commands. Such dogs might be "smart" and yet, disobedient, and their intelligence is liable to be underestimated if measured strictly by how well and how quickly they carry out precise orders given by a human master.
Testing and research
Some tests for intelligence involve the dog's ability to recognize and respond to a large vocabulary; other tests involve their desire or ability to respond to different situations. If one puts a towel over a dog's head, is the intelligent dog the one who pulls it off or is the intelligent dog the one who sits and waits, as if figuring that humans do strange things from time to time and if they put the towel on the dog's head there must be a reason for it? Just as with humans, there is a wide variety of interpretations as to what makes a dog "intelligent". Human intelligence tests have been ridiculed as pseudoscience, and intelligence tests for dogs are nothing if not more suspect.
There have been serious attempts to evaluate canine intelligence, Juliane Kaminski's paper in Science showed that a trained Border Collie, could hear each of over 200 words and appropriately respond to them. This border collie, Rico, demonstrated the ability to retain a long term memory (four weeks) for the names of objects.
Rico was also apparently able to interpret phrases such as "fetch the sock" in terms of its component words (rather than considering the utterance to be a single word): he could give the sock to a specified person, which could be interpreted as evidence that the animal could understand syntax. This view is unsupported by research in linguistics, the study of language.
Psychologist Kathy Coon ranked dog breeds by intelligence in her book The Dog Intelligence Test based on a standardized intelligence test for dogs.
Stanley Coren ranked dog breeds by intelligence in his book The Intelligence of Dogs based on surveys of dog trainers, the article for which contains a summary of the rankings obtained.
References
- The Intelligence of Dogs (Book by Stanley Coren)
- Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-75258-276-3.
- Fogle, Bruce (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130-7.