Cypherpunk

The cypherpunks were an informal group of people interested in privacy and cryptography who originally communicated through the cypherpunks mailing list. The aim of the group was to achieve privacy and security through proactive use of cryptography. An obituary written when the list shut down summarised "for all the irrelevant comments, vicious infighting and radical libertarian politics that flourish on the list, Cypherpunks has chronicled every important event in the short history of modern cryptography, as well as the cyber-rights movement that grew out of it. ... Seemingly every major figure in cryptography and computer security has passed through the list from time to time."

The term "cypherpunk", derived from cipher and cyberpunk, was coined by Wired magazine writer Jude Milhon at one of the early cypherpunk gatherings. The Oxford English Dictionary added "cypherpunk" in 2006, see New York Times article.

In its heyday in the late 90s, the list had extensive discussions of the public policy issues related to cryptography, and discussions or the politics and philosophy of concepts such as anonymity, pseudonyms and privacy, as well as more technical mathematical, computational, technological, and cryptographic matters. At that time, it was a very active list; traffic averaged about 200 messages a day, divided between personal arguments and attacks, political discussion, and technical discussion, with some spam thrown in. There were also cypherpunk "physical meetings" and parties.

Many cypherpunks were quite active in the various political and legal controversies around cryptography of the 90s, and most have remained active into the 21st century. Steven Levy's Crypto: How the Code rebels Beat the Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age covers these "crypto wars" in detail. "Code Rebels" in the title is almost synonymous with "cypherpunks".

A coderpunks list, open by invitation only, existed for a time. Coderpunks took up more technical matters and had less discussion of public policy implications. To some extent, the cryptography list is a successor to cypherpunks; it has many of the people and continues some of the same discussions. However, it is a moderated list, considerably less zany and somewhat more technical.

There is a large FTP archive of old cypherpunk material, and a partial mailing list archive. A more current site is Cypherpunks Tonga which has a FAQ. Other available documents include a Cypherpunk Manifesto, and a Crypto Anarchist Manifesto.

In Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon many characters are on the "Secret Admirers" mailing list. This appears to be based on the cypherpunks list.

Cypherpunk ideas

The cypherpunks list had a variety of viewpoints and many rather heated discussions, but there was a overall attitude exemplified in these quotes from the Cypherpunk Manifesto:

Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age. ...

We cannot expect governments, corporations, or other large, faceless organizations to grant us privacy ...

We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. ...

Cypherpunks write code. We know that someone has to write software to defend privacy, and ... we're going to write it. ... We don't much care if you don't approve of the software we write. We know that software can't be destroyed and that a widely dispersed system can't be shut down.

There was also a feeling of an Us against Them battle; most cypherpunks were fundamentally opposed to many government policies on cryptography. The same Manifesto has:

Cypherpunks deplore regulations on cryptography, for encryption is fundamentally a private act.

John Gilmore, whose site hosted the original cypherpunks list, wrote:

We are literally in a race between our ability to build and deploy technology, and their ability to build and deploy laws and treaties. Neither side is likely to back down or wise up until it has definitively lost the race.

Cypherpunks did build and deploy quite a bit of code. Anonymous remailers such as the Mixmaster Remailer were almost entirely a cypherpunk development. Among the other projects they have been involved in were PGP for email privacy, FreeS/WAN for opportunistic encryption of the whole net, Off-the-record messaging for privacy in Internet chat, and EFF's TOR project for anonymous web surfing.

Jim Bell and "Assassination Politics"

Jim Bell took the general cypherpunk tendencies toward anarchism or libertaranism farther in an essay titled "Assassination Politics" [1]:

Imagine for a moment that as ordinary citizens ... see an act by a government employee or officeholder that they feel violates their rights ... If only 0.1% of the population, or one person in a thousand, was willing to pay $1 to see some government slimeball dead, that would be, in effect, a $250,000 bounty on his head. Further, imagine that anyone considering collecting that bounty could do so with the mathematical certainty that he could not be identified, ... Perfect anonymity, perfect secrecy, and perfect security.

He worked out the mechanisms for this in considerable detail, and speculated extensively on the political consequences. Naturally, the discussion on the list was intense.

Later, Bell was arrested and convicted [2] for tax evasion, with accusations of attempts to intimidate IRS agents. Still later, another case was brought against him, alleging "stalking and intimidating local agents of the IRS, Treasury Department and BATF" [3]. Another list subscriber, Carl Johnson, was also convicted [4] of sending threatening emails. Discussion of Bell's essay played a prominent part in all three trials.

Well-known list participants

Cypherpunks list subscribers included many notable computer industry figures. Not all would call themselves "cypherpunks".

• Steven Bellovin (Bell Labs researcher, later Columbia professor)
• Jon Callas (Technical lead on Open PGP specification and Chief Technical Officer of PGP Corporation)
• Hugh Daniel (Former Sun Microsystems' employee, manager of the FreeS/WAN project)
• John Gilmore (Sun Microsystems' fifth employee, one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, project leader for FreeS/WAN)
• Mike Godwin (EFF lawyer)
• Ian Goldberg (Assistant Professor, University of Waterloo, designer of the Off-the-Record Messaging protocol)
• Lucky Green (Author of first free software implementation of ring signatures)
• Eric Hughes (Author of A Cypherpunk's Manifesto)
• Tim May (Former chief scientist at Intel, author of A Crypto Anarchist Manifesto)
• Jude Milhon (A founding member of the cypherpunks)
• Sameer Parekh (former CEO of C2Net)
• Len Sassaman (Current maintainer of the Mixmaster Remailer software)
• Peter Shipley (A founding member of the cypherpunks)
• Philip Zimmermann (Creator of PGP)

Other uses

Cypherpunk, cypherpunks or cpunks are sometimes used as a username and password on websites which require registration, for users who do not wish to reveal information about themselves. The account is left for later users. Some such accounts were publicly announced on the list.