Commonwealth of Nations: Difference between revisions
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The '''Commonwealth of Nations''' (usually called simply "The Commonwealth") is a voluntary association of independent countries, nearly all of which were formerly under British rule. While remaining entirely responsible for their own policies, member countries choose to consult and co-operate on matters such as strengthening democracy, promoting human rights and working for social and economic development of poorer countries. | The '''Commonwealth of Nations''' (usually called simply "The Commonwealth") is a voluntary association of independent countries, nearly all of which were formerly under British rule. While remaining entirely responsible for their own policies, member countries choose to consult and co-operate on matters such as strengthening democracy, promoting human rights and working for social and economic development of poorer countries. | ||
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==History== | |||
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n 1867, Canada became the first colony to be transformed into a selfgoverning 'Dominion', a newly constituted status that implied equality with Britain. The empire was gradually changing and Lord Rosebury, a British politician, described it in Australia in 1884 as a "Commonwealth of Nations". | |||
Other parts of the empire became Dominions too: Australia (1901), New Zealand (1907), South Africa (1910) and the Irish Free State (1922). All except the Irish Free State (that did not exist at the time) participated as separate entities in the First World War and were separate signatories to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Subsequently, they became members of the League of Nations. | |||
After the end of the First World War, the Dominions began seeking a new constitutional definition and reshaping their relationship with Britain. At the Imperial Conference in 1926, the prime ministers of the participating countries adopted the Balfour Report which defined the Dominions as autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate to one another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. | |||
This definition was incorporated into British law in 1931 as the Statute of Westminster. It was adopted immediately in Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland (which joined Canada in 1949) and South Africa. Australia and New Zealand followed. India, Britain's largest colony at the time, became a Dominion at independence in 1947 and remained so until January 1950, when the Indian Republic was born. | |||
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==Membership== | ==Membership== | ||
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[[Image:Liz2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|{{#ifexist:Template:Liz2.jpg/credit|{{Liz2.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}[[Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] has been Head of the Commonwealth since 1952.]] | [[Image:Liz2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|{{#ifexist:Template:Liz2.jpg/credit|{{Liz2.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}[[Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] has been Head of the Commonwealth since 1952.]] | ||
==Commonwealth Games== | ==Constitution== | ||
==Activities== | |||
===Commonwealth Games=== | |||
Since 1930, the athletes of the Commonwealth have come together in an [[Olympic Games]]-type atmosphere every four years, halfway between each [[Olympiad]]. The first [[Commonwealth Games]] (then called the Empire Games) was held in [[Hamilton, Ontario]] | Since 1930, the athletes of the Commonwealth have come together in an [[Olympic Games]]-type atmosphere every four years, halfway between each [[Olympiad]]. The first [[Commonwealth Games]] (then called the Empire Games) was held in [[Hamilton, Ontario]] | ||
<ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/sports/history-commonwealth-games-1930-2006_488255.html ''History of the Commonwealth Games 1930-2006'', Reuters, 2010]</ref> | <ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/sports/history-commonwealth-games-1930-2006_488255.html ''History of the Commonwealth Games 1930-2006'', Reuters, 2010]</ref> | ||
==Commonwealth Day== | ===Commonwealth Day=== | ||
At the 1975 CHOGM, [[Canada]] proposed an annual 'Commonwealth Day' to focus attention on the organisation and its global activities. The following year, the second Monday of [[March]] was agreed upon, and 1977 saw the first simultaneous observance day throughout the Commonwealth. The day was chosen as one when most children would likely be in school; this would be an opportunity for the younger generations to learn about their shared heritage.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/picturestory/34580/169763/175392/commonwealth_day_in_the_archives Commonwealth Day in the archives]'.</ref> The day has since been extended to an entire 'Commonwealth Week' around that time.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/newsarchive/175982/newsarchive Commonwealth Week News]'.</ref> To mark the day, the Head of the Commonwealth issues a message; for example, in 2008 Queen Elizabeth II chose to focus on [[climate change]], with a theme which emphasised environmental choices in all sections of society.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/175982/176233/100308queen.htm A message from Her Majesty The Queen, Head of the Commonwealth]'. 10th March 2008.</ref> | At the 1975 CHOGM, [[Canada]] proposed an annual 'Commonwealth Day' to focus attention on the organisation and its global activities. The following year, the second Monday of [[March]] was agreed upon, and 1977 saw the first simultaneous observance day throughout the Commonwealth. The day was chosen as one when most children would likely be in school; this would be an opportunity for the younger generations to learn about their shared heritage.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/picturestory/34580/169763/175392/commonwealth_day_in_the_archives Commonwealth Day in the archives]'.</ref> The day has since been extended to an entire 'Commonwealth Week' around that time.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/newsarchive/175982/newsarchive Commonwealth Week News]'.</ref> To mark the day, the Head of the Commonwealth issues a message; for example, in 2008 Queen Elizabeth II chose to focus on [[climate change]], with a theme which emphasised environmental choices in all sections of society.<ref>''Commonwealth Secretariat'': '[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/175982/176233/100308queen.htm A message from Her Majesty The Queen, Head of the Commonwealth]'. 10th March 2008.</ref> | ||
== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 05:45, 4 May 2012
The Commonwealth of Nations (usually called simply "The Commonwealth") is a voluntary association of independent countries, nearly all of which were formerly under British rule. While remaining entirely responsible for their own policies, member countries choose to consult and co-operate on matters such as strengthening democracy, promoting human rights and working for social and economic development of poorer countries.
History
Membership
After 1950, the membership of the Commonwealth expanded to include republics, and several local monarchies as well as the Dominions. In theory, a colony or Dominion has to seek permission to remain a member after becoming a republic, but this is usually granted.
Membership of the Commonwealth is voluntary, and member states are free to withdraw for any reason at any time. Pakistan withdrew in January 1972 in protest at the recognition of the secession of East Pakistan and its independence under the name of Bangladesh. Pakistan attempted to rejoin later in the 1970's and 1980's, but its application was vetoed by the Government of India, because of the ongoing dispute over Jammu and Kashmir. It was eventually allowed to rejoin in October 1989. Zimbabwe withdrew from the British Commonwealth in December 2003 in protest at the international community's opposition to the ZANU-PF regime's controversial land seizure policy and its human rights abuses.
When the membership of a country is suspended, that country is not allowed to send representatives to meetings such as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM). South Africa was suspended from membership in 1961 because of international criticism of its apartheid policies. Fiji's membership was deemed to have lapsed as a result of Sitiveni Rabuka's coup d'etat and proclamation of Fiji as a republic in October 1987.
Nigeria had its membership suspended between 1995 and 1999 as a protest against the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni activists by the military regime of General Sani Abacha. Fiji had its membership suspended in 2000 to 2001 and since 2006, due to coups there.
Since 1995, the decision to admit Cameroon and Mozambique has proved controversial, as only a small part of Cameroon was ever under British rule, and Mozambique is a former Portuguese colony. In late 2006, Rwanda reportedly applied for membership, but this attracted criticism, as Rwanda is a former Belgian colony. There have been calls since 1991 for the unrecognised Republic of Somaliland to be granted both international recognition as an independent state and full membership of the Commonwealth.
Constitution
Activities
Commonwealth Games
Since 1930, the athletes of the Commonwealth have come together in an Olympic Games-type atmosphere every four years, halfway between each Olympiad. The first Commonwealth Games (then called the Empire Games) was held in Hamilton, Ontario [1]
Commonwealth Day
At the 1975 CHOGM, Canada proposed an annual 'Commonwealth Day' to focus attention on the organisation and its global activities. The following year, the second Monday of March was agreed upon, and 1977 saw the first simultaneous observance day throughout the Commonwealth. The day was chosen as one when most children would likely be in school; this would be an opportunity for the younger generations to learn about their shared heritage.[2] The day has since been extended to an entire 'Commonwealth Week' around that time.[3] To mark the day, the Head of the Commonwealth issues a message; for example, in 2008 Queen Elizabeth II chose to focus on climate change, with a theme which emphasised environmental choices in all sections of society.[4]
References
- ↑ History of the Commonwealth Games 1930-2006, Reuters, 2010
- ↑ Commonwealth Secretariat: 'Commonwealth Day in the archives'.
- ↑ Commonwealth Secretariat: 'Commonwealth Week News'.
- ↑ Commonwealth Secretariat: 'A message from Her Majesty The Queen, Head of the Commonwealth'. 10th March 2008.