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| {{CZ:Biol_201:_General_Microbiology/EZnotice}}
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| ==Description and Significance==
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| ''Clostridium tetani'' is a rod-shaped, anaerobic, and endospore-forming bacterium that is responsible for the [[tetanus]] disease, a condition of the central nervous system affecting an estimated 350,000 people a year, worldwide <ref>http://microbes.historique.net</ref>. Single rods, or bacilli, have terminal spherical endospores creating a "clubbed appearence" <ref>http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ref>. This bacterium is [[gram stain|gram-positive]], a characteristic shared by other related species belonging to the ''Clostridium'' genus. Bacteria classified as ''Clostridium'' are important pathogens, such as ''C. botulinum'', an organism producing a toxin in food/wound that causes botulism and ''C. perfringens'', that causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to gas gangrene <ref>Wells, CL and Wilkins TD ''Botulism and Clostridium botulinum'' and ''Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Pseudomembranous Colitis.'' Baron's Medical Microbiology. Baron S et al, eds. 4th ed. Univ of Texas Medical Branch: 1996</ref> .The peptoidoglycan structure of the ''C. tetani'''s cell wall allows it to retain the violet crystals in a gram stain. The resulting appearance under a microscope is often described as resembling a tennis racket or a collection of drumsticks. The organism is an obligate anaerobe found in soil and most often in animal feces.
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| ==Genome Structure==
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| According to a study published by Yale University in 2003 entitled "The Genome Sequence of Clostridium tetani, the Causative Agent of Tetanus Disease", the genome of ''Clostridium tetani'' consists of a 2,799,250-bp chromosome encoding 2,372 open reading frames, or ORFs. An ORF is a portion of an organsims genome that potentially codes for the structure of a protein. It was found that a plasmid of ''Clostridium tetani'', named pE88 in sequencing, harbors the genes for the tetanus toxin (tetX) and its direct transcriptional regulator TetR. The tetanus toxin and a collagenase are encoded on this 74,082-bp plasmid that contains 61 ORFs. The results of the study showed 28 of the 61 ORFs code for proteins that show similarities to those with known structures and functions including collagenase. Collegenase is an exotoxin that aids in the pathogenesis and spread of tetanus by targeting muscle and connective tissues; the sequence of which was identified alongside that of the tetanus toxin <ref>Brüggemann, Holger and Sebastian Bäumer, Wolfgang Florian Fricke Arnim Wiezer, Heiko Liesegang, Iwona Decker, Christina Herzberg, Rosa Martínez-Arias, Rainer Merkl, Anke Henne and Gerhard Gottschalk. ''The Genome Sequence of Clostridium Tetani, the Causative Agent of Tetanus Disease.'' Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). Yale University: 27 Jan 2003</ref>.
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| According to the Yale University 2003 study, the origin of the bacterial plasmid pE88, coding for the tetanus toxin, remains unclear. The study concluded over 50% of all ORFs on pE88 are unique to C. tetani. However, homologous ORFs were found when compared with the genomes of both ''Clostridium perfringens'', and ''Clostridium acetobutylicum'', coding for proteins involved in lipid degredation and amino acid decomposition. Many of these comprise the ''Clostridial'' "backbone" of ORFs.
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| ==Cell Structure and Metabolism==
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| ''Clostridium tetani'' is a rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe that is saprophytic in nature. The bacterium forms a terminal endospore through sporulation when survival becomes difficult, usually in the presence of oxygen. In its vegetative state, the bacterium is sensitive to external elements, such as temperature, and has evenly distributed flagella around its surface for motility. As it matures, ''C. tetani'' forms a spherical terminal endospore that is enclosed in multiple layers of protective coats, allowing for resistant dormant survival. Endospores can survive extremely long periods of time until environmental stimuli trigger germination <ref>''Bacterial Endospores.'' Cornell University Department of Microbiology. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: Teaching, Research and Extension. 2007 <http://www.micro.cornell.edu/cals/micro/research/labs/angert-lab/bacterialendo.cfm></ref>.
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| ==Ecology==
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| ''Clostridium tetani'' spores are commonly found in manure-treated soil or as parasites in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and fecal matter of various species. Sometimes spores are also found in human skin and contaminated heroine transferred via dirty needles. According to Kenneth Todar at the University of Wisconsin, Madison Department of Bacteriology, after entering the human body at a wound, laceration or burn site, germination of ''C. tetani'' in dead body cells (lacking oxygen) leads to infection and subsequent inflammation. Toxins are produced during cell growth, sporulation and ultimate lysis. The toxins travel along the the pathways of the central nervous system causing a condition known as [[tetanus]].
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| ==Pathology== | | ==Pathology== |
| {{main|Tetanus}} | | {{main|Tetanus}} |
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| The tetanus disease is relatively uncommon in North America and industrialized countries. The condition is more common in underdeveloped countries where immunizations are not widely available and agricultural regions where contact with animal fecal matter is likely. | | The tetanus disease is relatively uncommon in North America and industrialized countries. The condition is more common in underdeveloped countries where immunizations are not widely available and agricultural regions where contact with animal fecal matter is likely. |
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| ==Application to Biotechnology==
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| ==Current Research==
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| <references/>
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Pathology
- For more information, see: Tetanus.
Clostridium tetani spores enter body tissue through wounds, lacerations, and burns, settling in dead cells that lack oxygen. Initially unnoticed, the spores are then able to germinate and spread its toxin, long before diagnosis and pursuit of treatment. All identified strains have been found to produce a common toxin called tetanospasmin. The potent neurotoxin blocks the release of necessary neurotransmitters in the central nervous system's transmission of inhibitory nerve impulses [1]. It is the inhibitory neuron messages that allow the muscles of the body to relax by halting the release of acetylcholine from excitatory neurons, which stimulate muscle contraction. The resulting effect in humans begins with muscle spasms at the sight of infection. As the infection spreads along neurons of the spinal chord and brain, it could lead to spastic paralysis and may be fatal. The most recognized associated manifistation of the disease is trismus, or lockjaw. The muscles and nerves of the neck and jaw are commonly the first to be affected before spreading to other parts of the body. Death is usually the result of breathing difficulties that arise due to the spasms and lead to respiratory arrest.
Symtoms
Tetanus has been known to take up to 10 years before manifestations may be observed. Aside from lockjaw, difficulty in swallowing, drooling, and persistent back spasms are among early signs. Later symtoms include perfuse sweating, hyperthermia, cardiac arrythmias and fluctuations in blood pressure. These manifestations indicate the toxic affects of both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems that involve voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions, respectively. The disease can also be transferred to a fetus by a mother with no immunity through the placenta, where nutrients are absorbed into the blood of the developing baby via the umbilical chord. This is a neonatal infection and the baby is born with the disease [2].
Treatment and Prevention
Therapy for suspected cases and diagnoses include antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracyclines in addition to antitoxin treatment and prompt surgical treatment of the infected wounds and tissues. Vaccination is available for proactive prevention. Individuals are actively immunized with DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) toxoid as infants, and should continue vaccination in ten year intervals. The toxoid prompts human cells to make neuralizing antibodies against the binding component of the tetanus toxin. Individuals are passively immunized with tetanus immuno globulin [3].
The tetanus disease is relatively uncommon in North America and industrialized countries. The condition is more common in underdeveloped countries where immunizations are not widely available and agricultural regions where contact with animal fecal matter is likely.