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Scholarly publications use a wide variety of different formats for citing sources of previously published work.
{{subpages}}
Usually there is a markup in the test such as a superscript<ref name=Example1> An un-ambiguous direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref> indication the section to which the citation is relevant, appear just after the section, or perhaps at the end of the paragraph, where there may be more that one source indicated.<ref name=Several1>Source 1.
* Source 2.
* Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to make the text less cluttered).</ref>


The markup in the text may be a numeral a Roman numeral, or a letter. Alternatively the main authors plus a date, in parentheses  (Smith, 1997) may be given. Variants are (Jones, 1997a) if Jones is cited for more than one 1997 article, and (Smith and Jones, 2000), and Timorof ''et al.'' 1927). ''Et al.'' is for ''et alia'', meaning 'and others' in Latin, and is used if there are a large number of authors, say more than three. Perhaps today (Wu & others 2007) would be clearer.
: ''Citation style used at Citizendium is discussed specifically at [[CZ:citation style]]''


With word processors it is now easy to develop a numbered citation series, and with Mediawiki software for examples there are several good tools for annotating text with citations and keepimng a master list of sources, usually near the ends of the article.
Scholarly and technical publications use many different formats for citing previously published work in their articles.


Attention needs to be given to giving unambiguous information in the note that is made about the source. In paper published articles there is a premium on space, and many scholarly publishers will demand compact citation. This is less important in electronic journals.
A '''citation''' allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, to see the source of data, to gain more statistical detail, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Often, the text is marked with a superscripted number<ref name=Example1>An unambiguous direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref> just after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the relevant paragraph, where there may be more that one source indicated.<ref name=Several1>Source 1.
 
* Source 2.
Here are some examples of citations from ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA''a very respected US journal (often called just PNAS by scientists).  
* Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to make the text less cluttered).</ref>
 
:17.  Lockhart, P. J., Steel, M. A., Hendy, M. D. & Penny, D. (1994) Mol. Biol. Evol. '''11''', 605-612
 
:31.  Syvanen, M. & Kado, C. I., eds. (1998) Horizontal Gene Transfer (Chapman & Hall, London).
 
:32. Day, M. (1998) in Horizontal Gene Transfer, eds. Syvanen, M. & Kado, C. I. (Chapman & Hall, London), pp. 144-167.
 
Citation 17 is a journal citation but PNAS USA does not provide the article's title. Note the volume number is bold , followed by page numbers.
31 is a book and 32 a book chapter.


The superscripted mark may be a numeral, a Roman numeral, or a letter. Alternatively, the citation may take the form of naming the main authors of the cited reference source, along with a date, in parentheses. This approach is used in the Harvard style (also known as the author-date style). An example of an in-text citation would therefore be: (Smith, 1997).
Variants of this approach use a letter as suffix if the same author is cited but for different articles published in the same year. For example (Jones, 1997a), if Jones is cited for more than one 1997 article. Another variant permits the grouping of multiple authors with distinct publications which were produced in the same year: (Smith and Jones, 2000), and (Timorof ''et al.'' 1927). ''Et al.'' is an abbreviation for ''et alia'', meaning 'and others' in Latin, which is usually used if there are more than three named authors for a particular publication.


The following another  PNAS USA citation of an article in the journal ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', published by Oxford Journals:
With word processing programs, it is easy to develop automatically generated, correctly numbered citations in documents. In some publications, citations are included in the footnotes on each page. Precise attention to the format and consistency of citations and other bibliographic information is expected in professional quality manuscripts.


13.  Lake, J. A. (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. '''8''', 378-385
==Examples of citation styles==
Here are three examples of citations from ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA'', a well respected scientific journal (often called just ''PNAS'' by scientists).


It is available on line as a [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/3/378?ijkey=3be4240c3ec4499652a784fcc2b022ccc645f0ae&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
pdf file]


Here we find, at last, an article ''title''.
:1.  Neuhaus J-M, Sitcher L, Meins F, Jr, Boller T (1991) A short C-terminal sequence is necessary and sufficient for the targeting of chitinases to the plant vacuole. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 88: 10362-10366.


Letter to the Editor The Order of Sequence Alignment Can Bias the Selection of Tree Topology’
:2.  Kellert S (1996) ''The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society'' (Island Press, Washington, DC), 2nd Ed, pp 13-34.
James A. Lake


The Lake (1991) citation style in the text is like this (Lake et al. 1984; Woese and Olsen 1986) and at the end:
:3. Hill AVS (1991) in ''Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex'', eds Klein J, Klein D (Springer, Heidelberg), pp 403-420.  


LITERATURE CITED
AUER, J., B. SPICKER, and A. BOCK. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for elongation
factor EF- 1 alpha for the extreme thermophilic archaebacterium ''Thermococcus celer''. Nucleic
Acids Res. '''18''':3989.
BALDACCI, B., F. GUINET, J. TILLIT, G. ZACCAI, and A.-M. DE RECONDO. 1990. Functional
implications related to the gene structure of the elongation factor EF-Tu form ''Halobacterium
marismortui''. Nucleic Acids Res. '''18''':507-511.
BROWN, W. M., E. M. PRAGER, A. WANG, and A. C. WILSON. 1982. Mitochondrial DNA
sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. J. Mol. Evol. '''18''':225-239.


Note that article titles are provide in this publication, but the system for providing page numbers is different from PNAS USA, and in this publication author's names are in capitals.
Citation 1 is a journal article citation, 2 is a book citation, and 3 is a book chapter citation.


In short, there are many different citation style variations used in scholarly literature.
In ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', the in-text citation style is like this: (Lake et al. 1984; Woese and Olsen 1986), and in the endnotes the citations are listed like this:


==How can authors work out how the cite publications correctly===
:LITERATURE CITED
:BALDACCI, B., F. GUINET, J. TILLIT, G. ZACCAI, and A.-M. DE RECONDO. 1990. Functional
:implications related to the gene structure of the elongation factor EF-Tu form ''Halobacterium''
:''marismortui''. Nucleic Acids Res. '''18''':507-511.


A guide for how to provide citation details is provided to prospective authors by the particular scholarly publication.


One accessible example is from the internet publication [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php Public Library of Science Biology] (PLoS Biology) which is an Open Access journal.
The system for providing page numbers is different from PNAS USA, and the author's names are capitalized. Interestingly, 'form' in the citation is a typographical error ( [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=2155402 here] for the original paper).


They give the following guidelines for submitted manuscripts:
In short, many different citation styles are used today in scholarly literature.


"PLoS uses the numbered citation (citation-sequence) method. References are listed and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets. Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by commas. Where there are more than three sequential citations, they should be given as a range. Example: "...has been shown previously [1,4–6,22]." Make sure the parts of the manuscript are in the correct order for the relevant journal before ordering the citations. Figure captions and tables should be at the end of the manuscript.
==How can authors work out how to cite publications correctly==
A guide for how to provide citation details is provided to prospective authors by each scholarly publication. One accessible example is from the internet publication [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php Public Library of Science Biology] (PLoS Biology), an Open Access journal. They give the following guidelines for submitted manuscripts:


Because all references will be linked electronically as much as possible to the papers they cite, proper formatting of the references is crucial. For all references, list the first five authors; add "et al." if there are additional authors. You can include a DOI number for the full-text article as an alternative to or in addition to traditional volume and page numbers. Please use the following style for the reference list:
"PLoS uses the numbered citation (citation-sequence) method. References are listed and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets. Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by commas. Where there are more than three sequential citations, they should be given as a range. ... For all references, list the first five authors; add "et al." if there are additional authors. You can include a DOI number for the full-text article as an alternative to or in addition to traditional volume and page numbers. Please use the following style for the reference list:


Published Papers
'''Published Papers'''


1. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74: 5463–5467.
1. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74: 5463–5467.


Accepted Papers
'''Accepted Papers'''


Same as above, but "In press" appears instead of the page numbers. Example: Adv Clin Path. In press.
Same as above, but "In press" appears instead of the page numbers. Example: Adv Clin Path. In press.


Electronic Journal Articles  
'''Electronic Journal Articles'''


1. Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.
1. Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.


Books
'''Books'''


1. Bates B (1992) Bargaining for life: A social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.
1. Bates B (1992) Bargaining for life: A social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.


Book Chapters
'''Book Chapters'''


1. Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 21–28."
1. Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 21–28."
Line 91: Line 73:


==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources==
==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources==
==Practice at Citizendium===
This is a heading for a work in progress.
==References==
==References==
====Citations====
====Citations====
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Biology| ]]
[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup (Top)]]

Latest revision as of 13:17, 4 March 2008

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Main Article
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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.
Citation style used at Citizendium is discussed specifically at CZ:citation style

Scholarly and technical publications use many different formats for citing previously published work in their articles.

A citation allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, to see the source of data, to gain more statistical detail, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Often, the text is marked with a superscripted number[1] just after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the relevant paragraph, where there may be more that one source indicated.[2]

The superscripted mark may be a numeral, a Roman numeral, or a letter. Alternatively, the citation may take the form of naming the main authors of the cited reference source, along with a date, in parentheses. This approach is used in the Harvard style (also known as the author-date style). An example of an in-text citation would therefore be: (Smith, 1997). Variants of this approach use a letter as suffix if the same author is cited but for different articles published in the same year. For example (Jones, 1997a), if Jones is cited for more than one 1997 article. Another variant permits the grouping of multiple authors with distinct publications which were produced in the same year: (Smith and Jones, 2000), and (Timorof et al. 1927). Et al. is an abbreviation for et alia, meaning 'and others' in Latin, which is usually used if there are more than three named authors for a particular publication.

With word processing programs, it is easy to develop automatically generated, correctly numbered citations in documents. In some publications, citations are included in the footnotes on each page. Precise attention to the format and consistency of citations and other bibliographic information is expected in professional quality manuscripts.

Examples of citation styles

Here are three examples of citations from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, a well respected scientific journal (often called just PNAS by scientists).


1. Neuhaus J-M, Sitcher L, Meins F, Jr, Boller T (1991) A short C-terminal sequence is necessary and sufficient for the targeting of chitinases to the plant vacuole. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10362-10366.
2. Kellert S (1996) The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society (Island Press, Washington, DC), 2nd Ed, pp 13-34.
3. Hill AVS (1991) in Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex, eds Klein J, Klein D (Springer, Heidelberg), pp 403-420.


Citation 1 is a journal article citation, 2 is a book citation, and 3 is a book chapter citation.

In Molecular Biology and Evolution, the in-text citation style is like this: (Lake et al. 1984; Woese and Olsen 1986), and in the endnotes the citations are listed like this:

LITERATURE CITED
BALDACCI, B., F. GUINET, J. TILLIT, G. ZACCAI, and A.-M. DE RECONDO. 1990. Functional
implications related to the gene structure of the elongation factor EF-Tu form Halobacterium
marismortui. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:507-511.


The system for providing page numbers is different from PNAS USA, and the author's names are capitalized. Interestingly, 'form' in the citation is a typographical error ( here for the original paper).

In short, many different citation styles are used today in scholarly literature.

How can authors work out how to cite publications correctly

A guide for how to provide citation details is provided to prospective authors by each scholarly publication. One accessible example is from the internet publication Public Library of Science Biology (PLoS Biology), an Open Access journal. They give the following guidelines for submitted manuscripts:

"PLoS uses the numbered citation (citation-sequence) method. References are listed and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets. Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by commas. Where there are more than three sequential citations, they should be given as a range. ... For all references, list the first five authors; add "et al." if there are additional authors. You can include a DOI number for the full-text article as an alternative to or in addition to traditional volume and page numbers. Please use the following style for the reference list:

Published Papers

1. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74: 5463–5467.

Accepted Papers

Same as above, but "In press" appears instead of the page numbers. Example: Adv Clin Path. In press.

Electronic Journal Articles

1. Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.

Books

1. Bates B (1992) Bargaining for life: A social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.

Book Chapters

1. Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 21–28."

(End of direct quote from PLoS Biology)

Abbreviations and their meaning

Journal abbreviations

Types of bibliographic information

PubMed

Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources

References

Citations

  1. An unambiguous direction to the source of the information is supplied here.
  2. Source 1.
    • Source 2.
    • Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to make the text less cluttered).