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Most living cells of so-called higher [[plant]]s contain a number of tokens of  a type of [[plastid]] called '''chloroplasts''',  tiny, somewhat football-shaped, bacteria-sized [[organelle]]s, a few micrometers in size, up to several hundred in number in specialized green cells, each chloroplast a separate compartmented structure whose boundary consists of two membranes, the interior of the inner membrane of which contains a semiliquid matrix, called [[stroma]], suspending a system of membranes, called [[thylakoids]], whose membranes embed molecules of [[chlorophyll]] and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, initiating the physico-chemical process of [[photosynthesis]].


Other organisms that house chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis:
'''Chloroplasts''', [[organelle]]s in the cells of certain [[eukarya|eukaryotic]] organisms, house the molecular apparatus for [[photosynthesis]]. [[Bacteria|Bacteria-sized]] structures, somewhat football-shaped, a few micrometers in size, choroplasts number up to several hundred in cells with high photosynthetic rates, each a separate compartmented structure whose boundary consists of two [[Membrane (biology)|membranes]], the interior of the inner membrane containing a semiliquid matrix, called [[stroma]], suspending a system of membranes, called [[thylakoid]]s, their membranes embedding molecules of [[chlorophyll]] and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, the initiating step of the physico-chemical process of photosynthesis.<ref name=hallrao6>Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) ''Photosynthesis''. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 0-521-64257-4.  |  [http://tinyurl.com/ylzwu2q Google Books preview.]</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=Blankenship02>Blankenship RE (2002) ''Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis''. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=cooper2009>Cooper GM, Hausman RE. (2009) Chloroplasts and Other Plastids. In: ''The Cell: A Molecular Approach'' Fifth Edition, pp. 452-459. Sinauer Associates, Inc.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=sternonplastids2008>Stern KR, Bidlack JE, Jansky S. (2008) Plastids. In: ''Introductory Plant Biology.'' 11th ed. pp. 41-42. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780072830675.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=hoober2000>Hoober JK. (2000) Chloroplast structure and development. In:  ''Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Treatise.'' A.S. Raghavendra,editor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521784443. | [http://books.google.com/books?id=EK0OEaFk2oYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s  Google Books preview, pp. 3-19.] | [http://www.amazon.com/reader/0521784441?_encoding=UTF8&token=97ZgP%2B65DqLCg0en28RMFH4%2FpfwEBICc2OczGTpBYlE%3D&ref_=sib%5Ffs%5Fbod&page=22#reader_0521784441 Table of Contents.] | Twenty-six chapters covering a broad range of topics in photosynthesis.</ref>
* [[algae]], mostly single-celled, members of the plant kingdom;
 
* [[diatoms]] and [[euglenids]], among the [[protist]]s, a mixed group of mostly single-celled [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] organisms that do not fall under the eukaryotic kingdoms of plants, fungi and animals.
{{Image|Chloroplast.png|center|500px|Schematic of a chloroplast: 1. outer membrane; 2. intermembrane space; 3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope); 4. [stroma (aqueous fluid); 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid); 6. thylakoid membrane; 7. granum (stack of thylakoids); 8. thylakoid (lamella); 9. Starch; 10. Ribosome; 11. plastidial DNA; 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids).}}
 
The domain Eukarya includes chloroplast-containing, photosynthesis-capable organisms in two of its four [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]],<ref>
<b>Note:</b>&nbsp; See [[Kingdom (biology)]] for a more detailed discussion of the [[taxonomy]] of kingdoms in eukarya.</ref>
namely [[plantae]] (the plant kingdom) and [[protista]] (the [[protist]] kingdom), the former including photosynthesis-capable [[algae]], mostly single-celled or colonizing members of the plant kingdom, and the green plants we see all around us, the latter, the protista, including [[diatom]]s, [[dinoflagellate]]s, [[euglenid]]s, and other members of the protist kingdom, a mixed group of mostly single-celled organisms.
 
== Online images of chloroplasts ==
The Internet has numerous images of chloroplasts, the following of particular interest. Right click these links and open in new tab in order to save the current tab to this page for rapid return:
 
* [http://tinyurl.com/6j4fj2 Schematic of plant chloroplast]
* [http://tinyurl.com/yb22su3 Schematic of plant chloroplast]
* [http://tinyurl.com/yc5r8ae Schematic of plant chloroplast]
* [http://tinyurl.com/ygcnglk Schematic of plant chloroplast]
* [http://tinyurl.com/yc9exho Schematic of plant chloroplast &mdash;functional annotation]
* [http://tinyurl.com/ygzqyzt Schematic of plant chloroplast]
* [http://tinyurl.com/y8jryky Schematic of plant chloroplast &mdash;other components in chloroplast]
 
==References and footnotes cited in text as superscripts==
<references />

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Chloroplasts, organelles in the cells of certain eukaryotic organisms, house the molecular apparatus for photosynthesis. Bacteria-sized structures, somewhat football-shaped, a few micrometers in size, choroplasts number up to several hundred in cells with high photosynthetic rates, each a separate compartmented structure whose boundary consists of two membranes, the interior of the inner membrane containing a semiliquid matrix, called stroma, suspending a system of membranes, called thylakoids, their membranes embedding molecules of chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, the initiating step of the physico-chemical process of photosynthesis.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

(CC) Diagram: Emmanuel Boutet
Schematic of a chloroplast: 1. outer membrane; 2. intermembrane space; 3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope); 4. [stroma (aqueous fluid); 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid); 6. thylakoid membrane; 7. granum (stack of thylakoids); 8. thylakoid (lamella); 9. Starch; 10. Ribosome; 11. plastidial DNA; 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids).

The domain Eukarya includes chloroplast-containing, photosynthesis-capable organisms in two of its four kingdoms,[6] namely plantae (the plant kingdom) and protista (the protist kingdom), the former including photosynthesis-capable algae, mostly single-celled or colonizing members of the plant kingdom, and the green plants we see all around us, the latter, the protista, including diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenids, and other members of the protist kingdom, a mixed group of mostly single-celled organisms.

Online images of chloroplasts

The Internet has numerous images of chloroplasts, the following of particular interest. Right click these links and open in new tab in order to save the current tab to this page for rapid return:

References and footnotes cited in text as superscripts

  1. ↑ Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) Photosynthesis. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64257-4. | Google Books preview.
  2. ↑ Blankenship RE (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217
  3. ↑ Cooper GM, Hausman RE. (2009) Chloroplasts and Other Plastids. In: The Cell: A Molecular Approach Fifth Edition, pp. 452-459. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
  4. ↑ Stern KR, Bidlack JE, Jansky S. (2008) Plastids. In: Introductory Plant Biology. 11th ed. pp. 41-42. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780072830675.
  5. ↑ Hoober JK. (2000) Chloroplast structure and development. In: Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Treatise. A.S. Raghavendra,editor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521784443. | Google Books preview, pp. 3-19. | Table of Contents. | Twenty-six chapters covering a broad range of topics in photosynthesis.
  6. ↑ Note:  See Kingdom (biology) for a more detailed discussion of the taxonomy of kingdoms in eukarya.
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