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The '''Bullingdon Club''' is a long-established club for students at the University of Oxford.<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>
[[File:This photo of David Cameron and Boris Johnson, and friends of theirs in their Bullingdon Club livery, and similar photos, have been widely reproduced and commented upon.jpg | thumb | 468px | This photo of David Cameron and Boris Johnson, and friends of theirs in their Bullingdon Club livery, have been widely reproduced and commented upon... (1) [[Edward Sebastian Grigg]], (2) [[David Cameron]], (3) [[Ralph Perry Robinson]], (4) [[Ewen Fergusson]], (5) [[Matthew Benson]], (6) [[Sebastian James]], (7) [[Jonathan Ford]], (8) [[Boris Johnson]], [[Harry Eastwood]].]]
[[File:Who doctored the toffs....jpg | thumb | 468px | Journalist [[Peter Hitchens]] noted that this photo of members of the Bullingdon Club, taken in the early 1990s, has been doctored.  At least two individuals images have been incompletely airbrushed out of the image.  Individuals in the photo include [[George Osborne]], [[Nathaniel Rothschild]], [[Harry Mount]], [[Jason Gissing]], [[Chris Coleridge]], [[Lupus von Maltzahn]],  [[Peter Holmes a Court]] and the late [[Mark Petre]].<ref name=MailSunday2008-10-25/>]]
The '''Bullingdon Club''' is a long-established club for students at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>


Originally founded as a sports club in the 19th century, it became notorious for vandalism, sexism, drunken rowdiness, and elitism.<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/> By the 21st century the degenerate behaviour of club members &mdash; including future Tory ministers like Cameron, Osborne, Gove, and Johnson &mdash; had caused the club membership to dwindle.<ref name=BBCNews2010-05-11/> In 2018, the Oxford Conservative Party Association barred Club members from leadership positions within the Association.<ref name=theguardian2018-10-14/>
Originally founded as a club to support [[sports]], at Oxford, like [[cricket]], by the late 20th century, its members were notorious for vandalism, sexism, drunken rowdiness, and elitism.<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/> By the 21st century the bad behaviour of club members, like future [[Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]] [[David Cameron]] and [[Boris Johnson]] had caused the club membership to dwindle.<ref name=BBCNews2010-05-11/> In 2018 the [[Oxford Conservative Party Association]] barred Club members from leadership positions within the Association.<ref name=theguardian2018-10-14/>


When Johnson was Prime Minister he was criticized for appointing individuals, who had been his friends in the club, to posts for which they seem unqualified.<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>
When Johnson was Prime Minister he was criticized for appointing individuals, who had been his friends in the club, to posts for which they seem unqualified.<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>


Johnson was widely criticized for appointing former Bullingdon Club member Ewen Fergusson to the Committee on Standards in Public Life - a committee intended to rout out corrupt activities.<ref name=Mirror2021-08-02/>  Ferguson was the 173 choice in a ranking of possible candidates for committee membership.<ref name=independent2021-08-02/>
Johnson was widely criticized for appointing former Bullingdon Club member [[Ewen Fergusson]] to the [[Committee on Standards in Public Life]] - a committee intended to rout out corrupt activities.<ref name=Mirror2021-08-02/>  Ferguson was the 173 choice in a ranking of possible candidates for committee membership.<ref name=independent2021-08-02/>


Even after the earlier criticism for appointing other friends of his, on September 2, 2022 - less than a week before his scheduled retirement as Prime Minister, Johnson appointed former club member Harry Mount to the House of Lords appointments commission.<ref name=theguardian2022-09-02/> Mount is the author of ''The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson'', which is not a satire.
Even after the earlier criticism for appointing other friends of his, on September 2, 2022 - less than a week before his scheduled retirement as Prime Minister, Johnson appointed former club member [[Harry Mount]] to the [[House of Lords appointments commission]].<ref name=theguardian2022-09-02/> Mount is the author of ''"[[The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson]]"''.


The club was mocked by Evelyn Waugh in ''Brideshead Revisited'' and ''Decline and Fall'', and in the 2014 film ''The Riot Club''.<ref name=radiotimes2017-03-31/><ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>
The club was mocked by [[Evelyn Waugh]] in ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'' and ''[[Decline and Fall]]'', and in the 2014 film ''[[The Riot Club]]''.<ref name=radiotimes2017-03-31/><ref name=theguardian2022-06-16/>


==Members include==
==Members include==
Line 18: Line 20:
! name || period || notes
! name || period || notes
|-
|-
| Prince of Wales || 1913 || His mother Queen Mary, forced him to resign.<ref name=nytimes1913-05-28/>
| [[Prince of Wales]] || 1913 || His mother [[Queen Mary]], forced him to resign.<ref name=nytimes1913-05-28/>
|-
|-
| Edward Sebastian Grigg || 1980s ||
| [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]] || 1870s || [[Queen Victoria]]'s youngest son<ref name="Charlotte Zeepvat p. 101"/>
|-
| [[Vajiravudh|Rama VI]] || 1900s || [[King of Siam]] (1881–1925)<ref name="Rong Syamananda p. 146">Rong Syamananda, ''A history of Thailand'', 1986; p. 146.</ref>
|-
|-
| David Cameron || 1980s || Later served as Prime Minister.
| [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia]] || 1910s || <ref name="Sally Mackay p. 28">Neil Balfour and Sally Mackay, ''Paul of Yugoslavia: Britain's maligned friend'', 1980; p. 28.</ref>
|-
|-
| Ralph Perry Robinson || 1980s ||
| [[Edward VIII]] || 1920s || [[Prince of Wales]]<ref name="JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford" /> of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1894–1972)
|-
|-
| Ewen Fergusson || 1980s ||
| [[Frederick IX of Denmark]] || 1920s || <ref name="JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford" />
|-
|-
| Matthew Benson || 1980s ||
| [[Charles Douglas-Home, 12th Earl of Home]] || 1850s || [[Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire]] (1890–1915) and [[Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire]] (1879–1880)
|-
|-
| Sebastian James || 1980s ||
| [[Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin]] || 1860s || <ref name="Edward VII"/>
|-
|-
| Jonathan Ford || 1980s ||
| [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]] || 1860s || <ref name="Freeman2011"/>
|-
|-
| Boris Johnson || 1980s || Later served as Prime Minister.
| [[Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long]] || 1870s || <ref name="Viscount Long Autobiography"/>
|-
|-
| Harry Eastwood || 1980s ||
| [[William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough]] || 1870s || <ref name="JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford" />
|-
|-
| George Osborne || 1990s || Served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.<ref name=nytimes2008-10-22/><ref name=nytimes2009-10-16/>
| [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] || 1880s || <ref name="JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford" />
|-
|-
| Nathaniel Rothschild || 1990s || A hedge fund financier.<ref name=nytimes2008-10-22/> Had a high-profile breach in his friendship with fellow Bullingdon member George Osborne.
| [[George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall]] || 1890s || <ref name="James Miller p. 142"/>
|-
|-
| Jason Gissing || 1990s || A founder of Ocado, a successful online grocery delivery service.<ref name=theguardian2008-10-26/><ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
| Prince [[Felix Yussupov]] || 1900s || <ref name="NYT_1917-01-14"/>
|-
|-
| Chris Coleridge || 1990s || From the Coleridge family of publishers, he founded a firm that successfully marketed "vitamin water".<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
| Prince [[Serge Obolensky]] (1890–1978)<ref name="Obolensky1958"/>
|-
|-
| Lupus von Maltzahn || 1990s || A German from a family with inherited wealth.<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
| [[Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch]] || 1910s || <ref name="Serge Obolensky p. 86"/>
|-
|-
| Mark Petre || 1990s || Heir to a hereditary title, died in 2004, if his father had pre-deceased him he would have been the 19th Baron Petre.<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
| [[Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford]] || 1920s || <ref name="The Earl of Longford"/>
|-
|-
| Peter Holmes a Court || 1990s || A theatre empressario and owner of a Rugby club.<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
| [[Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington]] || 1930s || <ref name="Telegraph Wellington Obit"/>
|-
|-
| Michael Gove || 1990s || ''"Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, former president of the Oxford Union"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
| [[John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch]] || 1940s ||<ref name="Obituary"/>
|-
|-
| Adam Bruce || 1990s || ''"Son of the Earl of Elgin and incumbent Unicorn Pursuivant of Arms"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
| [[Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|Lord Montagu of Beaulieu]] || 1940s || <ref name=bournemouthecho/>
|-
|-
| Edward Vaizey || 1990s || ''"son of Lord Vaizey and the Shadow Minister for Culture"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
| [[David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie]] || 1940s || <ref name="Independent-10224679"/>
|-
|-
| Nicholas Boles || 1990s || ''"Founder of Think Tank Policy Exchange, and conservative activist."''<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
| [[Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley]] || 1940s || <ref name="The Rev Lord Beaumont of Whitley"/>
|-
|-
| Steven Hilton || 1990s || ''"director of strategy for Cameron and godfather of Cameron’s children."''<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
| [[Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath]] || 1950s || <ref name="Marquess of Bath Autobiography 1999"/>
|-
| [[Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo]] || 1950s || <ref name="Independent-10224679"/>
|-
| [[Michael Ancram|Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian]]  || 1950s || [[Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party]] (2001–2005) and [[Chairman of the Conservative Party]] (1998–2001)<ref name=imageshack/>
|-
| [[Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch]] || 1970s || <ref name="Independent-10224679"/>
|-
| [[Gottfried von Bismarck|Count Gottfried von Bismarck]] || 1980s ||<ref name="Daily Telegraph"/>
|-
| [[Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur]] || 1990s || <ref name="Independent-10224679"/>
* [[Arthur Wellesley, Earl of Mornington]] || 1990s || <ref name="Independent-10224679"/>
* [[Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick]] (1988–)<ref name=telegraphBachelor/>
|-
| [[Edward Sebastian Grigg]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[David Cameron]] || 1980s || Later served as Prime Minister.
|-
| [[Ralph Perry Robinson]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[Ewen Fergusson]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[Matthew Benson]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[Sebastian James]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[Jonathan Ford]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[Boris Johnson]] || 1980s || Later served as Prime Minister.
|-
| [[Harry Eastwood]] || 1980s ||
|-
| [[George Osborne]] || 1990s || Served as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]].<ref name=nytimes2008-10-22/><ref name=nytimes2009-10-16/>
|-
| [[Nathaniel Rothschild]] || 1990s || A hedge fund financier.<ref name=nytimes2008-10-22/>  Had a high-profile breach in his friendship with fellow Bullingdon member [[George Osborne]].
|-
| [[Jason Gissing]] || 1990s || A founder of [[Ocado]], a successful online grocery delivery service.<ref name=theguardian2008-10-26/><ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
|-
| [[Chris Coleridge]] || 1990s || From the Coleridge family of publishers, he founded a firm that successfully marketed "vitamin water".<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
|-
| [[Lupus von Maltzahn]] || 1990s || A German from a family with inherited wealth.<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
|-
| [[Mark Petre]] || 1990s || Heir to a hereditary title, died in 2004, if his father had pre-deceased him he would have been the 19th [[Baron Petre]].<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
|-
| [[Peter Holmes a Court]] || 1990s || A theatre empressario and owner of a [[Rugby club]].<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07/>
|-
| [[Michael Gove]] || 1990s || ''"Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, former president of the Oxford Union"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
|-
| [[Adam Bruce]] || 1990s || ''"Son of the [[Earl of Elgin]] and incumbent [[Unicorn Pursuivant of Arms]]"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
|-
| [[Edward Vaizey]] || 1990s || ''"son of Lord Vaizey and the Shadow Minister for Culture"''.<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
|-
| [[Nicholas Boles]] || 1990s || ''"Founder of Think Tank Policy Exchange, and conservative activist."''<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
|-
| [[Steven Hilton]] || 1990s || ''"director of strategy for Cameron and godfather of Cameron’s children."''<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14/>
|-
| [[Robin Leigh Pemberton]] || 1990s || Later served as [[Governor of the Bank of England]].<ref name=DailyBeast2020-07-07/>
|}
|}
==Rough work==
<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-447223/Oxford-1992-Portrait-classless-Tory.html
| title      = Oxford 1992: Portrait of a 'classless' Tory
| work        = Daily Mail
| date        = 2007-04-07
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220804151022/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-447223/Oxford-1992-Portrait-classless-Tory.html
| archivedate = 2022-08-04
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      =
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220804151022/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-447223/Oxford-1992-Portrait-classless-Tory.html mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=nytimes1927-02-23>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/1927/02/23/archives/smash-windows-at-oxford-bullingdon-club-students-stage-disorder-at.html
| title      = SMASH WINDOWS AT OXFORD; Bullingdon Club Students Stage Disorder at Christ Church College.
| work        = New York Times
| author      =
| date        = 1927-02-23
| page        = A1
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      =
}}
</ref>
<ref name=TheBullingdonClub2010-03-14>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/the-bullingdon-club/
| title      = The Bullingdon Club
| work        = Iconic photos
| author      =
| date        = 2010-03-14
| page        =
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = Two figures on left of (6) and (7) were blacked out before the photo was released, causing wild allegations. Their identities are yet unknown.
}}
</ref>
<ref name=nytimes2008-10-22>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/world/europe/22iht-britain.4.17177066.html
| title      = The whiff of scandal stinks in crisis-struck U.K.
| work        = New York Times
| date        = 2008-10-22
| page        =
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = As for the 37-year-old Osborne, who has been a member of Parliament since the age of 30, he and Rothschild were close friends at Oxford where they belonged to the elite Bullingdon club, an exclusive drinking society whose celebrated wild parties sometimes ended with the destruction of the restaurant or pub where they were held.
}}
</ref>
<ref name=nytimes2009-10-16>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/business/global/17debt.html
| title      = In Britain, a Soaring Deficit Lifts a Hawk
| work        = New York Times
| author      = Landon Thomas Jr.
| date        = 2009-10-16
| page        = B1
| location    = Manchester
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = Mr. Cameron, who is close to Mr. Osborne and comes from a similar background, has transcended the ignominy of his membership in the Bullingdon Club, the elite drinking enclave at Oxford. By contrast, Mr. Osborne seems far less removed from the haughty picture of himself and his club members, garbed in bow ties and tails, that has come to define the view that the recast Conservatives still lack a common touch.
}}
</ref>
<ref name=independent2021-08-02>
{{cite news     
| url        = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-sleaze-committee-standards-public-life-b1895212.html
| title      = Government passed over 171 candidates to pick Bullingdon Club ‘chum’ of Boris Johnson for sleaze watchdog role
| work        = The Independent
| author      = Jon Stone
| date        = 2021-08-02
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20211109111946/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-sleaze-committee-standards-public-life-b1895212.html
| archivedate = 2021-11-09
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = The longtime friend of the prime minister was appointed to scrutinise him after an advisory panel had “carefully considered all applications”, she said.
}}
</ref>
<ref name=theguardian2018-10-14>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/14/bullingdon-is-on-its-uppers-lets-celebrate-by-trashing-a-restaurant
| title      = The Bullingdon is on its uppers. Let’s all celebrate by trashing a restaurant
| work        = The Guardian
| author      = Barbara Ellen
| date        = 2018-10-14
| location    = University of Oxford
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220212023207/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/14/bullingdon-is-on-its-uppers-lets-celebrate-by-trashing-a-restaurant
| archivedate = 2022-02-12
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live     
| quote      = While past members include David Cameron, Boris Johnson and George Osborne, people recently invited to join the Bullingdon have been turning it down, those who join are branded “losers” and, in 2016, it was said to be on the brink of closure for lack of members.
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220212023207/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/14/bullingdon-is-on-its-uppers-lets-celebrate-by-trashing-a-restaurant mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=theguardian2022-09-02>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/sep/02/boris-johnson-gives-peerages-job-author-book-wit-wisdom-harry-mount
| title      = Boris Johnson gives peerages job to author of book on his ‘wit and wisdom’
| work        = The Guardian
| author      = Matthew Weaver, Henry Dyer
| date        = 2022-09-02
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220904170726/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/sep/02/boris-johnson-gives-peerages-job-author-book-wit-wisdom-harry-mount
| archivedate = 2022-09-04
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = Boris Johnson has sparked fresh accusations of cronyism after choosing the author of a book on his {{'}}wit and wisdom{{'}} to help oversee the appointment of new peers to the House of Lords.
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220904170726/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/sep/02/boris-johnson-gives-peerages-job-author-book-wit-wisdom-harry-mount mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=BBCNews2010-05-11>
{{cite news     
| url        = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8661964.stm
| title      = David Cameron: Life and times of new UK Prime Minister
| work        = BBC News
| author      = Brian Wheeler
| date        = 2010-05-11
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220529235838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/8661964.stm
| archivedate = 2022-05-29
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = He was captain of Brasenose College's tennis team and a member of the Bullingdon dining club, famed for its hard drinking and bad behaviour, an episode Mr Cameron has always refused to talk about.
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220529235838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/8661964.stm mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=Mirror2021-08-02>
{{cite news     
| url        = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/boris-johnsons-bullingdon-club-chum-24669503
| title      = Boris Johnson's Bullingdon club 'chum' selected out of 173 applicants for sleaze watchdog
| work        = The Mirror
| author      = Rachel Wearmouth
| date        = 2021-08-02
| page        =
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      =
}}
</ref>
<ref name=radiotimes2017-03-31>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/did-decline-and-falls-bollinger-club-really-exist-evelyn-waugh-and-his-bullingdon-club-inspiration/   
| title      = Did Decline and Fall's Bollinger Club really exist? Evelyn Waugh and his Bullingdon Club inspiration
| work        = Radio Times
| author      =  Eleanor Bley Griffiths
| date        = 2017-03-31
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506095009/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/did-decline-and-falls-bollinger-club-really-exist-evelyn-waugh-and-his-bullingdon-club-inspiration/
| archivedate = 2021-05-06
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live     
| quote      = The Bollinger Club is, of course, a barely-concealed version of the real-life Bullingdon Club.
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506095009/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/did-decline-and-falls-bollinger-club-really-exist-evelyn-waugh-and-his-bullingdon-club-inspiration/ mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=theguardian2022-06-16>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/07/oxford-bullingdon-club-boris-johnson-sexism-violence-bullying-culture
| title      = Sexism, vandalism and bullying: inside the Boris Johnson-era Bullingdon Club
| work        = The Guardian
| author      = Harriet Sherwood
| date        = 2019-07-07
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20220616123209/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/07/oxford-bullingdon-club-boris-johnson-sexism-violence-bullying-culture
| archivedate = 2022-06-16
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = Now new light has been shed on the outrageous antics of the Bullingdon Club – the Oxford University group that may be about to produce its second British prime minister – by someone intimately connected to it during Boris Johnson’s membership.
}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220616123209/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/07/oxford-bullingdon-club-boris-johnson-sexism-violence-bullying-culture mirror]
</ref>
<ref name=theguardian2008-10-26>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2008/oct/26/george-osborne-nat-rothschild
| title      = George Osborne, Nat Rothschild and the curious case of a Bullingdon Club picture
| work        = The Guardian
| author      = Steve Busfield
| date        = 2008-10-26
| page        =
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2022-09-07
| url-status  = live
| quote      = To the left of the middle, there's a mysterious gap where somebody ought to be standing but isn't. Odder still, there's a patch of shirt-front and waistcoat there, with no person attached
}}
</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=  
{{Reflist|refs=  
<ref name=DailyBeast2020-07-07>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://www.thedailybeast.com/breaking-the-bullingdon-club-omerta-secret-lives-of-the-men-who-run-britain
| title      = Breaking the Bullingdon Club Omertà: Secret Lives of the Men Who Run Britain
| work        = [[Daily Beast]]
| author      = Tom Mutch
| date        = 2020-07-07
| page        =
| location    =
| isbn        =
| language    =
| trans-title =
| trans_title = 
| archiveurl  =
| archivedate =
| accessdate  = 2024-04-24
| url-status  = live     
| quote      = One photo, from 1951, shows the former provost of Eton and ambassador to the United States, Anthony Acland, as well as the former governor of the Bank of England, Robin Leigh Pemberton.
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Charlotte Zeepvat p. 101">Charlotte Zeepvat, ''Prince Leopold: the untold story of Queen Victoria's youngest son'', 1998; p. 101.</ref>
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<ref name=dailymail2007-04-07>
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| date        = 1913-05-28
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| url        = https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2008/10/who-doctored-th.html
| url        = https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2008/10/who-doctored-th.html
| title      = Who doctored the toffs?
| title      = Who doctored the toffs?
| work        = Mail on Sunday
| work        = [[Mail on Sunday]]
| author      = Peter Hitchens
| author      = [[Peter Hitchens]]
| date        = 2008-10-25
| date        = 2008-10-25
| archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20211231024107/https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2008/10/who-doctored-th.html
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<ref name="Rong Syamananda p. 146">Rong Syamananda, ''A history of Thailand'', 1986; p. 146.</ref>
<ref name="Sally Mackay p. 28">Neil Balfour and Sally Mackay, ''Paul of Yugoslavia: Britain's maligned friend'', 1980; p. 28.</ref>
<ref name="JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford" /> of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1894–1972)</ref>
}}
}}

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File:This photo of David Cameron and Boris Johnson, and friends of theirs in their Bullingdon Club livery, and similar photos, have been widely reproduced and commented upon.jpg
This photo of David Cameron and Boris Johnson, and friends of theirs in their Bullingdon Club livery, have been widely reproduced and commented upon... (1) Edward Sebastian Grigg, (2) David Cameron, (3) Ralph Perry Robinson, (4) Ewen Fergusson, (5) Matthew Benson, (6) Sebastian James, (7) Jonathan Ford, (8) Boris Johnson, Harry Eastwood.
File:Who doctored the toffs....jpg
Journalist Peter Hitchens noted that this photo of members of the Bullingdon Club, taken in the early 1990s, has been doctored. At least two individuals images have been incompletely airbrushed out of the image. Individuals in the photo include George Osborne, Nathaniel Rothschild, Harry Mount, Jason Gissing, Chris Coleridge, Lupus von Maltzahn, Peter Holmes a Court and the late Mark Petre.[1]

The Bullingdon Club is a long-established club for students at the University of Oxford.[2]

Originally founded as a club to support sports, at Oxford, like cricket, by the late 20th century, its members were notorious for vandalism, sexism, drunken rowdiness, and elitism.[2] By the 21st century the bad behaviour of club members, like future Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom David Cameron and Boris Johnson had caused the club membership to dwindle.[3] In 2018 the Oxford Conservative Party Association barred Club members from leadership positions within the Association.[4]

When Johnson was Prime Minister he was criticized for appointing individuals, who had been his friends in the club, to posts for which they seem unqualified.[2]

Johnson was widely criticized for appointing former Bullingdon Club member Ewen Fergusson to the Committee on Standards in Public Life - a committee intended to rout out corrupt activities.[5] Ferguson was the 173 choice in a ranking of possible candidates for committee membership.[6]

Even after the earlier criticism for appointing other friends of his, on September 2, 2022 - less than a week before his scheduled retirement as Prime Minister, Johnson appointed former club member Harry Mount to the House of Lords appointments commission.[7] Mount is the author of "The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson".

The club was mocked by Evelyn Waugh in Brideshead Revisited and Decline and Fall, and in the 2014 film The Riot Club.[8][2]

Members include

Members include
name period notes
Prince of Wales 1913 His mother Queen Mary, forced him to resign.[9]
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 1870s Queen Victoria's youngest son[10]
Rama VI 1900s King of Siam (1881–1925)[11]
Prince Paul of Yugoslavia 1910s [12]
Edward VIII 1920s Prince of Wales[13] of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1894–1972)
Frederick IX of Denmark 1920s [13]
Charles Douglas-Home, 12th Earl of Home 1850s Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire (1890–1915) and Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire (1879–1880)
Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin 1860s [14]
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 1860s [15]
Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long 1870s [16]
William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough 1870s [13]
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 1880s [13]
George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall 1890s [17]
Prince Felix Yussupov 1900s [18]
Prince Serge Obolensky (1890–1978)[19]
Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch 1910s [20]
Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford 1920s [21]
Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington 1930s [22]
John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch 1940s [23]
Lord Montagu of Beaulieu 1940s [24]
David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie 1940s [25]
Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley 1940s [26]
Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath 1950s [27]
Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo 1950s [25]
Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian 1950s Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (2001–2005) and Chairman of the Conservative Party (1998–2001)[28]
Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch 1970s [25]
Count Gottfried von Bismarck 1980s [29]
Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur 1990s [25]
Edward Sebastian Grigg 1980s
David Cameron 1980s Later served as Prime Minister.
Ralph Perry Robinson 1980s
Ewen Fergusson 1980s
Matthew Benson 1980s
Sebastian James 1980s
Jonathan Ford 1980s
Boris Johnson 1980s Later served as Prime Minister.
Harry Eastwood 1980s
George Osborne 1990s Served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.[31][32]
Nathaniel Rothschild 1990s A hedge fund financier.[31] Had a high-profile breach in his friendship with fellow Bullingdon member George Osborne.
Jason Gissing 1990s A founder of Ocado, a successful online grocery delivery service.[33][34]
Chris Coleridge 1990s From the Coleridge family of publishers, he founded a firm that successfully marketed "vitamin water".[34]
Lupus von Maltzahn 1990s A German from a family with inherited wealth.[34]
Mark Petre 1990s Heir to a hereditary title, died in 2004, if his father had pre-deceased him he would have been the 19th Baron Petre.[34]
Peter Holmes a Court 1990s A theatre empressario and owner of a Rugby club.[34]
Michael Gove 1990s "Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, former president of the Oxford Union".[35]
Adam Bruce 1990s "Son of the Earl of Elgin and incumbent Unicorn Pursuivant of Arms".[35]
Edward Vaizey 1990s "son of Lord Vaizey and the Shadow Minister for Culture".[35]
Nicholas Boles 1990s "Founder of Think Tank Policy Exchange, and conservative activist."[35]
Steven Hilton 1990s "director of strategy for Cameron and godfather of Cameron’s children."[35]
Robin Leigh Pemberton 1990s Later served as Governor of the Bank of England.[36]

Rough work

[34]

[37]

[35]


[31]


[32]


[6]

[4]

[7]

[3]

[5]

[8]

[2]

[33]

References

  1. ↑ Peter Hitchens. Who doctored the toffs?, Mail on Sunday, 2008-10-25. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “To the left of the middle, there’s a mysterious gap where somebody ought to be standing but isn’t.” mirror
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Harriet Sherwood. Sexism, vandalism and bullying: inside the Boris Johnson-era Bullingdon Club, The Guardian, 2019-07-07. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “Now new light has been shed on the outrageous antics of the Bullingdon Club – the Oxford University group that may be about to produce its second British prime minister – by someone intimately connected to it during Boris Johnson’s membership.” mirror
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brian Wheeler. David Cameron: Life and times of new UK Prime Minister, BBC News, 2010-05-11. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “He was captain of Brasenose College's tennis team and a member of the Bullingdon dining club, famed for its hard drinking and bad behaviour, an episode Mr Cameron has always refused to talk about.” mirror
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Barbara Ellen. The Bullingdon is on its uppers. Let’s all celebrate by trashing a restaurant, The Guardian, 2018-10-14. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “While past members include David Cameron, Boris Johnson and George Osborne, people recently invited to join the Bullingdon have been turning it down, those who join are branded “losers” and, in 2016, it was said to be on the brink of closure for lack of members.” mirror
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rachel Wearmouth. Boris Johnson's Bullingdon club 'chum' selected out of 173 applicants for sleaze watchdog, The Mirror, 2021-08-02. Retrieved on 2022-09-07.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jon Stone. Government passed over 171 candidates to pick Bullingdon Club ‘chum’ of Boris Johnson for sleaze watchdog role, The Independent, 2021-08-02. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “The longtime friend of the prime minister was appointed to scrutinise him after an advisory panel had “carefully considered all applications”, she said.”
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Matthew Weaver, Henry Dyer. Boris Johnson gives peerages job to author of book on his ‘wit and wisdom’, The Guardian, 2022-09-02. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “Boris Johnson has sparked fresh accusations of cronyism after choosing the author of a book on his 'wit and wisdom' to help oversee the appointment of new peers to the House of Lords.” mirror
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Eleanor Bley Griffiths. Did Decline and Fall's Bollinger Club really exist? Evelyn Waugh and his Bullingdon Club inspiration, Radio Times, 2017-03-31. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “The Bollinger Club is, of course, a barely-concealed version of the real-life Bullingdon Club.” mirror
  9. ↑ WALES IN TROUBLE OVER CLUB SUPPER; Queen Mary Orders the Prince to Resign from the Lively Bullingdon at Oxford., New York Times, 1913-05-28. Retrieved on 2022-09-07.
  10. ↑ Charlotte Zeepvat, Prince Leopold: the untold story of Queen Victoria's youngest son, 1998; p. 101.
  11. ↑ Rong Syamananda, A history of Thailand, 1986; p. 146.
  12. ↑ Neil Balfour and Sally Mackay, Paul of Yugoslavia: Britain's maligned friend, 1980; p. 28.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JGSinclair_Portrait-of-Oxford
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Edward VII
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Freeman2011
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Viscount Long Autobiography
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named James Miller p. 142
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT_1917-01-14
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Obolensky1958
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Serge Obolensky p. 86
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Earl of Longford
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Telegraph Wellington Obit
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Obituary
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bournemouthecho
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Independent-10224679
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Rev Lord Beaumont of Whitley
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Marquess of Bath Autobiography 1999
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named imageshack
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Daily Telegraph
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named telegraphBachelor
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 The whiff of scandal stinks in crisis-struck U.K., New York Times, 2008-10-22. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “As for the 37-year-old Osborne, who has been a member of Parliament since the age of 30, he and Rothschild were close friends at Oxford where they belonged to the elite Bullingdon club, an exclusive drinking society whose celebrated wild parties sometimes ended with the destruction of the restaurant or pub where they were held.”
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Landon Thomas Jr.. In Britain, a Soaring Deficit Lifts a Hawk, New York Times, 2009-10-16, p. B1. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “Mr. Cameron, who is close to Mr. Osborne and comes from a similar background, has transcended the ignominy of his membership in the Bullingdon Club, the elite drinking enclave at Oxford. By contrast, Mr. Osborne seems far less removed from the haughty picture of himself and his club members, garbed in bow ties and tails, that has come to define the view that the recast Conservatives still lack a common touch.”
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Steve Busfield. George Osborne, Nat Rothschild and the curious case of a Bullingdon Club picture, The Guardian, 2008-10-26. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “To the left of the middle, there's a mysterious gap where somebody ought to be standing but isn't. Odder still, there's a patch of shirt-front and waistcoat there, with no person attached”
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Oxford 1992: Portrait of a 'classless' Tory, Daily Mail, 2007-04-07. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. mirror
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 The Bullingdon Club, Iconic photos, 2010-03-14. Retrieved on 2022-09-07. “Two figures on left of (6) and (7) were blacked out before the photo was released, causing wild allegations. Their identities are yet unknown.”
  36. ↑ Tom Mutch. Breaking the Bullingdon Club Omertà: Secret Lives of the Men Who Run Britain, Daily Beast, 2020-07-07. Retrieved on 2024-04-24. “One photo, from 1951, shows the former provost of Eton and ambassador to the United States, Anthony Acland, as well as the former governor of the Bank of England, Robin Leigh Pemberton.”
  37. ↑ SMASH WINDOWS AT OXFORD; Bullingdon Club Students Stage Disorder at Christ Church College., New York Times, 1927-02-23, p. A1. Retrieved on 2022-09-07.
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