Artificial respiration
In medicine, artificial respiration is "Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have respiratory insufficiency to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2)."[1]
Classification
Using intratracheal intubation
- PEEP
Noninvasive
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the terms for the types of nonvinvasive ventilation are:
- Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
- Bilevel positive airway pressure (bilevel PAP).
- Intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB or NIPPB or called pressure support).
Inconsistent terminology of noninvasive modes
The terminology for noninvasive respiratory support is inconsistently used in the medical literature.
- Some authors interchange IPPB with IPPV. B indicates the patient is spontaneously breathing while V indicates ventilation via intratracheal intubation.
- Some authors interchange IPPB and IPPV with bilevel PAP as done in a recent randomized controlled trial.[2]
- Some authors interchange bilevel PAP with BiPAP. The latter is a specific brand of a bilevel PAP ventilator.
Effectiveness
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
All types of noninvasive ventilation studied through 2003 may help respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[3], especially if the exacerbations are severe[4].
Heart failure
Noninvasive ventilation may help treat respiratory insufficiency due to heart failure, but the optimal mode of noninvasive ventilation is not clear. A systematic review found that CPAP may be better than bilevel PAP.[5] However, in a more recent randomized controlled trial of respiratory insufficiency due to heart failure, neither CPAP or bilevel PAP reduced mortality as compared to standard oxygen therapy; however, both of the noninvasive methods provided similar symptomatic and metabolic improvement.[2] In this trial CPAP was started at 5 cm of water and increased as needed to 15 cm of water. Bilevel PAP was started at an inspiratory positive airway pressure of 8 cm of water and an expiratory positive airway pressure of 4 cm of water and was increased as needed to an inspiratory pressure of 20 cm of water and expiratory pressure of 10 cm of water.[2]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Artificial respiration (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl J (July 2008). "Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (2): 142–51. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0707992. PMID 18614781. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Hess DR (July 2004). "The evidence for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in the care of patients in acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of the literature". Respir Care 49 (7): 810–29. PMID 15222912. [e]
- ↑ Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Cook DJ, Hill NS (June 2003). "Which patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation? A systematic review of the literature". Ann. Intern. Med. 138 (11): 861–70. PMID 12779296. [e]
- ↑ Pang D, Keenan SP, Cook DJ, Sibbald WJ (October 1998). "The effect of positive pressure airway support on mortality and the need for intubation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a systematic review". Chest 114 (4): 1185–92. PMID 9792593. [e]