https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&feed=atom&action=historyAllotrope - Revision history2024-03-28T12:10:27ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348964&oldid=previmported>Matt Arenas Mercado: corrected author's name in a reference2010-11-14T02:17:30Z<p>corrected author's name in a reference</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] has more than 40 allotropes, most of them amorphous.<ref name=mcmurry2010>McMurry J, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ray </del>RC. (2010) ''General Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321571632.</ref> Among the crystalline allotropes is graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] has more than 40 allotropes, most of them amorphous.<ref name=mcmurry2010>McMurry J, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fay </ins>RC. (2010) ''General Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321571632.</ref> Among the crystalline allotropes is graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Matt Arenas Mercadohttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348970&oldid=previmported>Matt Arenas Mercado: Added References section2010-11-14T02:11:50Z<p>Added References section</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External link==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External link==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxc.htm Glossary California Air Resources Board]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxc.htm Glossary California Air Resources Board]</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Matt Arenas Mercadohttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348969&oldid=previmported>Anthony.Sebastian: narrative work2010-11-13T05:41:04Z<p>narrative work</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] has more than 40 allotropes, <ref name=mcmurry2010>McMurry J, Ray RC. (2010) ''General Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321571632.</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in normal circumstances exists as one of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two </del>allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] has more than 40 allotropes, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most of them amorphous.</ins><ref name=mcmurry2010>McMurry J, Ray RC. (2010) ''General Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321571632.</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Among </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crystalline </ins>allotropes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Anthony.Sebastianhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348960&oldid=previmported>Anthony.Sebastian at 23:55, 12 November 20102010-11-12T23:55:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms of an assemblage of the [[atom]]s of a particular chemical [[element]] in the same physical state (gas, liquid, or solid), the different forms resulting from different configurations of the assemblage making up its molecular or crystalline structure. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms of an assemblage of the [[atom]]s of a particular chemical [[element]] in the same physical state (gas, liquid, or solid), the different forms resulting from different configurations of the assemblage making up its molecular or crystalline structure. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but </del>allotropy does not extend to include different forms of an element purely because of a difference of physical state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not qualify as allotropes of that element.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In accord with the definition of an allotrope</ins>, allotropy does not extend to include different forms of an element purely because of a difference of physical state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not qualify as allotropes of that element.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has more than 40 allotropes, <ref name=mcmurry2010>McMurry J, Ray RC. (2010) ''General Chemistry: An Atoms-First Approach''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321571632.</ref> </ins>in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Anthony.Sebastianhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348967&oldid=previmported>Anthony.Sebastian: more tweaking of lede2010-11-11T03:35:40Z<p>more tweaking of lede</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms of an assemblage of the [[atom]]s of a particular chemical [[element]], resulting from different configurations of the assemblage making up its molecular or crystalline structure. The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy, but allotropy does not extend to include forms of an element <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that arise </del>purely because of a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change </del>of state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rank </del>as allotropes of that element.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms of an assemblage of the [[atom]]s of a particular chemical [[element]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the same physical state (gas, liquid, or solid)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the different forms </ins>resulting from different configurations of the assemblage making up its molecular or crystalline structure. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy, but allotropy does not extend to include <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different </ins>forms of an element purely because of a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">difference </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physical </ins>state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qualify </ins>as allotropes of that element.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]].</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Anthony.Sebastianhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348971&oldid=previmported>Anthony.Sebastian: tweaking lede sentence for clarity2010-11-11T03:27:08Z<p>tweaking lede sentence for clarity</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms of a particular chemical [[element]], resulting from different configurations of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[atom]]s </del>making up <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>molecular or crystalline structure. The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy, but allotropy does not extend to include forms of an element that arise purely because of a change of state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not rank as allotropes of that element.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Allotropes''' are different forms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of an assemblage of the [[atom]]s </ins>of a particular chemical [[element]], resulting from different configurations of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the assemblage </ins>making up <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its </ins>molecular or crystalline structure. The existence of an element in more than one form is known as allotropy, but allotropy does not extend to include forms of an element that arise purely because of a change of state, so that, for example, liquid [[nitrogen]] and gaseous nitrogen do not rank as allotropes of that element<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Examples of allotropes are the two well-known forms of [[oxygen]]: dioxygen (''O''<sub>2</sub>), which forms roughly one fifth of the atmosphere, and ozone (''O''<sub>3</sub>), also present in the upper atmosphere but in far smaller amount, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun, and also acts as a [[greenhouse gas]]. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Anthony.Sebastianhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348961&oldid=previmported>Trevor Ebbens: Removal of "was"2008-03-23T14:45:17Z<p>Removal of "was"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:45, 23 March 2008</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic amorphous forms.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </del>first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External link==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External link==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxc.htm Glossary California Air Resources Board]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxc.htm Glossary California Air Resources Board]</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Trevor Ebbenshttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348965&oldid=previmported>David E. Volk: external link from allotropy2008-03-10T17:53:40Z<p>external link from allotropy</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] was first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German chemist [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] was first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==External link==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxc.htm Glossary California Air Resources Board]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>imported>David E. Volkhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348968&oldid=previmported>David E. Volk at 17:51, 10 March 20082008-03-10T17:51:16Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:51, 10 March 2008</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>plastic amorphous <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include [[tin]], which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, [[phosphorus]], which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rhombic, monoclinic, and </ins>plastic amorphous <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">forms</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Category:Chemistry Workgroup</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The German chemist </ins>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eilhard Mitscherlich</ins>]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was first discovered allotropy, in sulfur.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>imported>David E. Volkhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Allotrope&diff=348966&oldid=previmported>David E. Volk at 20:53, 9 December 20072007-12-09T20:53:14Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:53, 9 December 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Carbon]] in normal circumstances exists as one of the two allotropes graphite (where the atoms are arranged in hexagonal layers) and diamond (where the atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure). Of this pair graphite is the more stable, but fortunately at normal temperatures the rate of conversion from diamond to graphite is imperceptibly slow! In the mid-1980s a further family of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were discovered, leading to the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include tin, which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, phosphorus, which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including a plastic amorphous form.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other elements which exhibit allotropy include <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>tin<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, which exists in grey nonmetallic and white metallic forms, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>phosphorus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, which has white, red and black forms, and sulfur, with a number of allotropes, including a plastic amorphous form.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Chemistry Workgroup]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Chemistry Workgroup]]</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>David E. Volk