Normality

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In chemistry, normality (N) is a term used to indicate chemical concentrations that is typically only used for acid-base reactions. A 1 normal (1 N) solution of any acid can neutralize an equal volume of any 1 N base solution. A one liter volume of a 1 N acid solution will neutralize one mole, or about 6.02⋅1023 (Avogadro's number) hydroxide ions OH. Normality is always greater than or equal to the related concentration unit molarity, such that

where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. In acid-base reaction n is the number of protons (forming H3O+) donated by one molecule of the acid. The molecular weight divided by n is the equivalent weight.

For a monoprotic acid like hydrochloric acid, HCl, which can provide only 1 mole of protons ( hydronium ions, H3O+) per mole of acid, 1 M = 1 N. A diprotic acid like sulfuric acid, H2SO4, provides two moles of protons per mole of acid (n=2) and thus a 1 M solution of sulfuric acid is a 2 N solution.