Brain size

This article uses direct referencing.

(CC) Photo: University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections and National Museum of Health and Medicine (see http://www.brainmuseum.org/)
Comparative anatomy of adult brains from various vertebrate species, highlighting the gradual differences in brain size and gyrification.

Since the brain has enlarged considerably during hominid evolution, brain size is a central term in many discussions related to cognitive evolution, intelligence and a number of brain disorders, especially microcephaly. To compare different brains, several indicators of brain size have been used. These include absolute brain size, relative brain size (normalized by body size or weight), and the encephalization coefficient.

Determinants of brain size

• microcephalin (MCPH1) and ASPM (MCH 5) (cf. Stern and Woods, 2006; Tang 2006)
• pelvic size in females (cf. Ridley 1995)

Correlates of brain size

• Gyrification (cf. Hofman 1989 and Casanova et al., 2004),
• maximum rate of population increase (Isler & Van Schaik, 2009)
• basal metabolic rate (Isler & van Schaik, 2006a)
• flight musculature (at least in birds, cf. Isler & van Schaik, 2006b)
• wing area (at least in bats, cf. Safi et al., 2005)

Effects of brain size

• glia-neuron ratio (cf. Sherwood et al., 2006)